The Impact of Training and Development on the Employees of the Insurance Sector in Jordan Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Training and Development on the Employees of the Insurance Sector in Jordan EssayThe focus of all aspects of Human preference Development is on developing the most superior workforce so that the organization and individual employees can accomplish their work goals in service to customers , all told employees want to be valuable and remain competitive in the labour market at all times. This can only be achieved through employee readying and suppuration.Employees entrust always want to develop career-enhancing skills, which will always lead to employee motivation and retention. There is no doubt that a well-trained and developed staff will be a valuable asset to the company and thereby increasing the chances of his efficiency in discharging his or her duties, so our main focus about the practises of prep and development in the insurance sector as it is a very important service sector . And to study the relationship between training and development with job satis faction and morale among employees , inter personal relationship and customer satisfaction , employee motivation, efficiencies in processes, financial gain , capacity to adopt new technologies and methods , aim in strategies and products , employee turnover , company image and productivity. METHODOLOGYWe are going to examine two of the most well-known companies in Jordan (Arab insurance company and Jordanian insurance company) through a qualitative research , data will be collected through a couple of interviews with some of the employees of the two companies from many a(prenominal) managerial levels and by gathering primary information through literature review from recent journal papers and books. GROUP MEMBERS * Sara khano * Bashar Kafafi * Lama Daas * Eman Khalil * Shireen Shakaa

Methods Used to Study the Brain Essay Example for Free

Methods Used to Study the Brain EssayA contour of procedures are used by psychologists to study the functions of different areas of the promontory. Some of them are very old rules and outdated some of them are most recent in origin and frequently used by modern investigators. The methods help us to study the localization of the functional areas of the adept.One of these methods is the stimulation method. A specific spell of the brain may be speedd either by electric current or by chemicals. Through electrical stimulation, we can only stimulate the desired part of the brain. But by chemical methods, we can stimulate or defunct a particular part of the brain for a situated period of time and observe their effects on behavior.another(prenominal) method is the Electrical Recording or Action Potential Method.The rhythmical electrical discharges of the brain are recorded by an instrument called electroencephalogram (EEG). The EEG can detect minute electrical activities of the b rain cells during sleep, arousal and activity. The brain parts having great electrical activity can be linked with behaviors and sensations of the body. This will tell how the body surfaces are represented in the brain.The Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) is a newer method in which thousands of separate X-rays are taken at slightly different angles, and the computer constructs an image of the structures of the brain by combining these X-rays. It is very useful for demo abnormalities in the structure of the brain such as swelling and enlargement of certain parts. But it does not provide information about brain activity.Another method is Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It produces a strong magnetic field in which the persons head is positioned. The radio waves directed at the brain shit the hydrogen atoms to emit signals, which are analyzed by a computer. The details of the MRI are superior to CAT scan, because it can distinguish between nearly related brain structures.Due to its importance, you might think the brain would be a little more forthcoming about its design and function. Fortunately, the human brain alsoprovides us with the remarkable ability and ingenuity to study the human brain, a skill in which brains of other life forms decidedly come up short. The study of the brain has yielded remarkable findings, and advances in brain research have created a better understanding of the way we function and life itself.

Medical Treatment Using Computed Tomography (CT)

Medical Treatment Using Computed Tomography (CT)Breast PlanPart OneTreatment Site / diagnosis Left BreastTreatment Modality 2 Dimensional tangentialType of Patient Data Computed tomography and virtual showTechnique Isocentricprescription drug Iso pane 40GY in 15Part TwoComputed tomography (CT) was employed as an imaging modality for this finenessment. In general, CT is the standard imaging modality employed. This is ascribable to the ability of CT to provide a 3 Dimensional image of the tumour and the ordinary anatomy in that area, CT is particularly effective in visualising bony anatomy. It also provides the electron density data essential to enable accurate dose calculation and visualizening. Although CT scanning is the standard for treatment localisation, charismatic resonance imagining (MRI) are superior in defining soft tissue and tumour metastasis and so it is now advisable to employ CT-MRI fusion imaging in localize to improve the accuracy of tumour localisation for tr eatment (Bhide and Nutting 2010).Tangential fields are normally used in the treatment of tumours of the rapper. Virtual simulation (v-sim) is employed in order to generate lateral and medial tangential fields. V-sim ensures accurate field matching and acceptable reportage of the pap tissue, the chest environ and the surgical or mastectomy scar (Barrett and Dobbs et al. 2009 and Moran and Haffty 2009).Part ThreeThe choice of tool energy is heavily dependent on patient size and separation in general the chosen beam energy is 6 Megavoltage. For patients with a separation greater than 22cm, higher energy beams are usually used in order to improve dose homogeneity. Higher energy beams reduce the skin sparing effect of a lower energy therefore wield should be interpreted to ensure there is sufficient coverage of the superficial breast, mastectomy scar and clinical boarders (Barrett, Dobbs et al. 2009).The breast is traditionally treated by means of two dimensional conformal tangentia l beams. The beam arrangement is a lateral and medial beam. The field boarders are marked up clinically, usually by a specialist radiographer. The lateral beam is usually at mid axilla and the medial beam at sternal level. The beams are at tangents to each other avoid irradiation of the tit, lung, dose uniformity and no dose overlap to the contralateral breast (Lee and Harris 2009).Segmented beams were also selected in order to improve Planning Target Volume (PTV) coverage and allow for Multi Leaf Collimator (MLC) shielding without compromising coverage of the PTV whilst shielding out undesired hot spots that naturally happen in the inframammary fold of the breast tissue (Nakamura, Hatanaka et al. 2011).According to a study by Purdy 2004 ICRU 50 guidelines states that the isodose diffusion within the PTV must be amidst 95% 107% .In order to achieve best dose distribution wedged beams are employed, wedges are tissue compensators that account for missing tissue in order to impro ve the homogeneity of the dose distribution (Barrett, Dobbs et al. 2009). This is particularly important in breast treatments due to the contour of the breast. The anterior surface of the breast is less dense than the tissue toward the chest bulwark, hotspots tend to occur around the areola for this reason wedges in this plan are 60 and orientated with the thick end anterior in order to distribute the dose away from the nipple and conform more homogenously to the chest wall. There are also wedges on the segments in order to improve dose homogeneity in the superior/ inferior direction and to ensure acceptable PTV coverage (Haffty, Buchholz et al. 2008).Part 4There is acceptable coverage of the CTV, in breast treatment, the aim is to treat all the breast tissue to the deep fascia the 95% isodose should conform to the chest wall but not include the pectoralis major (Barrett, Dobbs et al. 2009). The breast tissue is covered by the 95% isodose line and it adheres well to the muscles of the chest wall. There are no hot spots present within the plan due to the optimal use of tissue compensators as mentioned above. According to a study by Purdy in 2004, ICRU guidelines isodse distribution must be kept between 95% 107%, MLC shielding on the segments were employed in order to shield any hotspots present within the CTV without compromising target coverage or causing the plan to become too cold.Part 5The critical organs that were contoured were the left lung. Although there is no dose volume histogram associated with breast treatments, there should be no more than 2cm of lung volume included in the treatment field in order to prevent late toxicities such as lung fibrosis and pneumonitis. It is also advisable to contour the heart on left sided breast treatments.Part 6This plan is clinically acceptable, however as the treatment is being delivered to the left side, the heart should be taken into consideration. Deep inspiration snorkel hold (DIBH) is becoming more common for left sided breast treatments. DIBH involves treating the patient on inspiration and breath hold through coaching either auditory or visually or both. During inspiration the breast tissue is lifted off the chest wall and thus results in less cardiac tissue and lung being irradiated (Vikstrm, Hjelstuen et al. 2011).Not all patients are suitable for DIBH if they cannot remain in breath hold for the continuance of time it takes to deliver the beam. However it is still important to remove the heart from the high dose area, this is achievable by the use of cardiac shielding created by MLCS. Although this has shown a reduction in the dose received by the heart, it also risks underdoing of the target (Bartlett, Yarnold et al. 2013).ReferencesBarrett, A., J. Dobbs, et al. (2009). Practical Radiotherapy Planning Fourth Edition, CRC Press.Bartlett, F. R., J. R. Yarnold, et al. (2013). Multileaf Collimation Cardiac Shielding in Breast Radiotherapy Cardiac Doses are Reduced, But at What Cos t? Clinical Oncology 25(12) 690-696.Bhide, S. and C. Nutting (2010). Recent advances in radiotherapy. BMC medicine 8(1) 25.Haffty, B. G., T. A. Buchholz, et al. (2008). Should intensity-modulated radiation therapy be the standard of care in the conservatively managed breast cancer patient? Journal of Clinical Oncology 26(13) 2072-2074.Lee, L. J. and J. R. Harris (2009). Innovations in radiation therapy (RT) for breast cancer. The Breast 18 S103-S111.Moran, M. S. and B. G. Haffty (2009). Radiation Techniques and Toxicities for Locally innovational Breast Cancer. Seminars in Radiation Oncology 19(4) 244-255.Nakamura, N., S. Hatanaka, et al. (2011). Quantification of cold spots caused by geometrical uncertainty in field-in-field techniques for whole breast radiotherapy. Japanese journal of clinical oncology 41(9) 1127-1131.Purdy, J. A. (2004). trustworthy ICRU definitions of volumes limitations and future directions. Seminars in Radiation Oncology, Elsevier.Vikstrm, J., M. H. Hjelstu en, et al. (2011). Cardiac and pulmonary dose reduction for tangentially irradiated breast cancer, utilizing deep inspiration breath-hold with audio-visual guidance, without compromising target coverage. Acta Oncologica 50(1) 42-50.

Features of Goodpastures Syndrome

Features of Goodpastures SyndromeIntroductionGoodpastures syndrome, a rare autoimmune sickness is characterized by anti-GBM (anti-glomerular basement tissue layer) antibodies attacking glomerular and dental consonant basement membranes of the kidneys and lungs respectively. It was first reported by Dr. Ernest William Goodpasture in 1919 and first used by Stanton and Tange in 1957 in their case studies involving nine patients with the pulmonary-renal syndrome. 1, 2Clinical Features The onset of this malady ranges from the ages of 20-30 and 60-70 especially in young men in their late twenties or in men and women over sixty years of age study. 3The diagnostic techniques involved in detection of Goodpastures syndrome include i) urine analysis that detects kidney damage by presence of high number of red blood cells or protein in the urine take ii) blood tests showing the presence of anti-GBM antibodies iii) x-rays that can show anomalies in lung anatomy or iv) biopsies that involve im aging of a kidney tissue sample to demonstrate glomeruli characterised by crescent-shaped structures and lines of antibodies attached to the GBM. 4While Goodpastures syndrome constitutes the representation of clinical features like rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) and pulmonary hemorrhage from any cause, Goodpasture disease similarly includes the presence of anti-GBM antibodies in addition to the other characteristics. The term anti-GBM disease constitutes a patient with the typical autoantibodies, irrespective of clinical symptoms and characteristic features. 1,5The clinical manifestations associated with Goodpastures syndrome include stabbing renal failure resulting from rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis along with pulmonary hemorrhage that might prove fatal. The symptoms in relation to it consist of bleeding of lungs, kidney failure, hematuria, proteinuria, general malaise, fatigue, and incubus loss. 1,6,7,8,9The exact etiology of this syndrome is not known h owever there seem to be genetic and environmental risk factors. The factors beingness i) exposure to organic solvents or hydrocarbons ii) smoking and drugs iii) infection iv) exposure to metal particulate matter v) lymphocyte-depletion therapy. 1,5,10The characteristic pathology in individuals experiencing the Goodpastures Syndrome can be detected by immunofluorescence staining technique of the immunoglobulin G on the GBM that shows smooth diffuse linear patterns. 11Hemodialysis, plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide drugs and immunosuppressive agents like methylprednisolone pulse therapy or oral administration of prednisolone are possible treatments for Goodpastures syndrome. 12,13,14 raw material Cellular and Molecular MechanismsThe localization of immunoglobulin IgG deposits at sites of inflammation within the pulmonary and renal basement membranes shows Goodpastures syndrome (a take a leak of the anti-GBM disease) to be an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. The unhealthful rol e of these antibodies has been confirmed bytransplantation of circulating or kidney-eluted anti-GBM antibodies to Rhesus monkey or human kidney allografts that result in the development of the disease.A lineament II hypersensitivity reaction occurs when antibodies are targeted against extracellular matrix (ECM) specific antigens. 15The hypersensitivity response affects all organs in the body of which collagen is a constituent but the dental and glomerular basement membranes are more prone to the effect. This discrepancy is a result of increased accessibility of epitopes (antigen molecules facilitating attachment to a matching antibody) linked to overexpression of 3 collagen chains in the respective basement membranes allowing access and formation of antibodies. 16While 3NC1 antibodies are the most common in patients with Goodpastures syndrome, 5NC1 antibodies are less prevalent. Sometimes antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody ANCA can also be present. 5,17The disorder develops ant ibodies that target 3 chain of basement membrane collagen (type IV collagen) present in alveoli in lungs and in the glomeruli that form the filtering units of the kidneys within the nephrons. These structures contain the basement membrane with collagen as its essential component that differentiates the epithelia from the underlying tissue. The conformational epitopes of the Goodpasture antigen are localized within 2 regions in the carboxyl terminal, noncollagenous (NC1) landing field of a type IV collagen chain, 3(IV)NC1. 1, 5, 18. Upon interaction of the anti-GBM antibodies with the conformational epitope of the GBM glycoproteins, the attendant pathway of the immune system gets activated. This results in infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and monocytes. The severely damaged GBM induces reflux of fibrinogen into the Bowman space, fibrinogen polymerizes to fibrin through the proliferation of procoagulant factors from activated monocytes, lead story to a crescent formation.19Goodpastures syndrome is linked with specific HLA types. Both positive (HLA-DR15) and negative (HLA-DR7) associations are defined and being used to develop an understanding of antigen presentation, tolerance and autoimmunity. 20,21,22Recent DevelopmentsRecent developments like the plasmapheresis technique, steroidal drugs, and immunosuppressive therapy have drastically ameliorated the course of the medical condition in comparison to yesteryears, in which Goodpasture syndrome was deemed fatal. 23Zhao et al., demonstrate the significant role of 5NC1-specific antibodies in pathogenesis of Goodpastures disease and also re-confirm 345 collagen IV molecule as the original GP autoantigen. 17The invention of a drug, now patented, with its active element containing boronthat constitutes inhibitors of arginase activity has claimed remedial effects in the pathological state of Goodpastures Syndrome. 24A recently developed, patented prophylaxis for glomerulonephritis resulting from Goodpastures syndrome comprises of administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an IL-6 antibody that binds with or regulates the expression or activity of a mammalian IL-6 polypeptide. 25ConclusionsGoodpastures Syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-GBM antibodies attacking glomerular and dental basement membranes. The innate immune response comprises of (i) cell death (ii) polymorphonuclear cell releasing neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, antigens and monocytes to infiltrate the glomerulus. The adaptive immune response triggers the classical pathway of complement activated by antigen-antibody complex formation, and type II hypersensitivity reaction. Here antigens are targeted against cell- specific and tissue specific antigens (chiefly the connective tissue).Unanswered QuestionsCurrently, there is a mickle of research focusing on deciphering the causative agents of the harmful antibodies that lead to the development of Goodpastures syndrome. Eviden ce from this research can lead to novel drug discovery, eventually leading to a potential definitive cure for Goodpastures syndrome. 17The exact the genetic determinants that constitute the etiology of Goodpastures syndrome are yet to be found.BibliographySalama AD, Pusey CD. Goodpasture syndrome and other antiglomerular basement membrane diseases. In Gilbert SJ, Weiner DE, eds. National Kidney Foundations Primer on Kidney Diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA Elsevier Saunders 2014 chap 21.Benoit, F. L., D. B. Rulon, G. B. Theil, P. D. Doolan, and R. H. Watten. Goodpastures syndrome a clinicopathologic entity. The American journal of medicine 37, no. 3 (1964) 424-444.Hudson B, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson E. Alport syndrome, goodpasture syndrome, and type IV Collagen. New Engl J Med 2003 3482543-56.Fervenza, Fernando C. Goodpasture Syndrome NIDDK National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. https//www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/kidney-disease/glo merular-diseases/goodpasture-syndrome (accessed March 1, 2017).Phelps RG, Turner AN. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease and Goodpasture disease. In Johnson RJ, Feehally J, Floege J, eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA Elsevier Saunders 2015 chap 24.Lahmer T, Heemann U. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease a rare autoimmune disorder affecting the kidney and the lung. Autoimmun Rev 201212169-73.Pedchenko V, Bondar O, Fogo AB, Vanacore R, Voziyan P, Kitching AR, et al. Molecular architecture of the Goodpasture autoantigen in anti-GBM nephritis. N Engl J Med2010363343-54.Salant David J. Goodpastures disease new secrets revealed. N Engl J Med 2010 363388-91.Dammacco F, Battaglia S, Gesualdo L, Racanelli V. Goodpastures disease a report of ten cases and a review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2013121101-8.Jones, Joanne L., Sara AJ Thompson, Priscilla Loh, Jessica L. Davies, Orla C. Tuohy, Allison J. Curry, Laura Azzopardi et al. Human a utoimmunity later lymphocyte depletion is caused by homeostatic T-cell proliferation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 50 (2013) 20200-20205.MD, Edward. Renal Pathology http//library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/RENAHTML/RENAL093.html (accessed March 1, 2017).Greco, Antonio, Maria Ida Rizzo, Armando De Virgilio, Andrea Gallo, Massimo Fusconi, Giulio Pagliuca, Salvatore Martellucci, Rosaria Turchetta, Lucia Longo, and Marco De Vincentiis. Goodpastures syndrome a clinical update. Autoimmunity reviews 14, no. 3 (2015) 246-253.Bolton, W. Kline. Goodpastures syndrome. Kidney international 50, no. 5 (1996) 1753-1766.Johnson, John P., Walter Whitman, William A. Briggs, and Curtis B. Wilson. Plasmapheresis and immunosuppressive agents in anti-basement25 membrane antibody-induced Goodpastures syndrome. The American journal of medicine 64, no. 2 (1978) 354-359.Rutgers A, Meyers KEC, Canziani G, Kalluri R, Lin J, Madaio MP. High affinity of anti-GBM antibodies from Goodpasture and transplanted Alport patients to 3 (IV) NC1 collagen. Kidney Int. 200058115-122.Kelly, Patrick T., and Edward F. Haponik. Goodpasture syndrome molecular and clinical advances. Medicine 73, no. 4 (1994) 171-185.Zhao J, Cui Z, Yang R, et al. Anti-glomerular basement membrane autoantibodies against different target antigens are associated with disease severity. Kidney Int 2009 761108.Borza, Dorin-Bogdan, Eric G. Neilson, and Billy G. Hudson. Pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome a molecular perspective. In Seminars in nephrology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 522-531. WB Saunders, 2003.Morita, Takashi, Yasunosuke Suzuki, and Jacob Churg. Structure and development of the glomerular crescent. The American journal of pathology 72, no. 3 (1973) 349.Phelps, Richard G., and Andrew J. Rees. The HLA complex in Goodpastures disease a model for analyzing susceptibility to autoimmunity. Kidney international 56, no. 5 (1999) 1638-1653.Phelps, Richard G., Victoria Jones, A. Neil Turner, and Andrew J. Rees . Properties of HLA class II molecules divergently associated with Goodpastures disease. International immunology 12, no. 8 (2000) 1135-1143.Turner AN, Rees AJ. Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease (Chapter 3.11). In Cameron SDAM, Grunfeld JP, Kerr DNS, Ritz E, eds Oxford Textbook of Nephrology, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1997Shah MK, Hugghins SY. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with Goodpastures syndrome. South Med J 2002951411-8.Van Zandt, Michael, Adam Golebiowski, Min Koo Ji, Darren Whitehouse, Todd Ryder, and Raymond Paul Beckett. Inhibitors of arginase and their therapeutic applications. U.S. Patent 9,266,908, issued February 23, 2016.Marshall, Diane, and Stevan Shaw. regularity for the treatment of glomerulonephritis by administering an IL-6 antibody. U.S. Patent 9,321,837, issued April 26, 2016.

Leadership Styles of Middle School Principals

Leader institutionalize Styles of Middle School PrincipalsPART 1 submission of the ProblemThe main aim of Professional Development is influencing the students results. From the thesaurus of the use upal Resources In skeletal frameation Center (ERIC) database, nonre designal person learning involves the activities tha enhance the yield of a biography skipperly.This is effected by trespassioning the teachers level of practice and their level of comeledge (Robinson and Carrington, 2002). With its implications on learning skills, master copy development is beyond teacher training since it encompases formal and at large(p) means of assisting teachers in their development of new insights into their own as nearly as in the exploration of new and advanced resources that aid them in better students performance. From the above pleadment it is clear that superior development requires the chiefs to nourishment the teachers as they supervise with the challenges that come along with new take of their work. This support help the teachers to continually grow in their understanding of their nature of work as nearly as lord skills.According to Fullan (1991), it has been observed that in the last decade, the role of a leash has been increasingly involving, become more(prenominal) complicated and the roles argon not clearly defined. He to a fault noted that the principles roles go been through a salmagundi of metamorphosis. Initially, the roles of the principle were limited and involved instruction lead or a master teacher. With time these roles kindd to transactional leading and, most recently, to transformational leaders. This brings out the splendor of examining the way principles deal with original development of teachers, being one of the most pressing issues.The extent to which the timber of professional development of spirit give instruction teacher is diverged by their executive directors leadership sorts is not known. According to Jac kson and Davis (2000), one of the most serious components in accomplishing great deeds in initiates and ensuring lavishly pure tone teachers is instructional leadership. For a tall achieving initiate, an administrator should be able to supply instructional leadership. To make this possible, the administrator should have specific leadership characteristics which ensure effectiveness in professional development of teachers and similarly heip in sustaining an educational environment that fosters high achievement vision in students (Jackson Davis, 2000).In the past few years, ticker indoctrinates have become more and more all-encompassing (Hoy et al, 1996). In the the Statesn education systems, the notes being appear to be a replacement of the handed-down junior high rails. According to the Maryland severalise Department of Education (2008), the academic, tender and emotional progress of a student is greatly influenced and evident in diaphragm groom. This requires edu cators to be super equipped when it comes to addressing the changes undergone by students in in-between school and this makes the professional development of the teachers a very critical and sensitive process. According to (Robinson and Carrington, 2002). In cases where progressive and extensive involvement of the schools politics and teachers is emphasized, their results of professional development atomic number 18 likely to be effective. During this stage, an adolescents process of education is characterized by a change in the line of thought, and also developments which ar both mental and physical, and these changes may influence the student in terms of their achievement. For example in middle school, students have more academic responsibilities than in the elementary school. in that location is involvement in extracurricular activities and restructuring after school may be required. There is also a change in the educational environment which is brought or so by the fact that the environment is more structured and not as nurturing as the elementary school environment. This means that the students have to necessitate to the riles and regulations set and that they are held liable for their actions. Therefore, it is very important to equip the middle school teachers with tonus leadership skills as well as quality professional development so that they meet the advers social,educational and emotional needs of all their students. (Maryland State Department of Education, 2008).Most studies make on the impact of the principal-teacher race show that on that point is a possible correlation among supportive leadership expression and the involvement and dedication of teachers.(Theo Wubbel, Jack Levy, 1993). Leithwood and Montgomery say that the approval and a support of a teacher from the administrator were positively related to the satisfaction of the teacher. In a later on education, (leithwood 1990) repoted tjhat a principals support and the teache rs professional development were highly correlated. It is wherefore very important for the principals to be involved in the activities of the teachers so that they can be able to provide the support the teachers when they need. This allow for aid in motivatimg teachers which will remedy their commitment amd this will lead to improvement of the performance of the teachers and consequently, the students.Johnson (1986) noted that discovering the most important thing to teachers as well as motivating them to improve their work was a very complicated task and has not yet been figured out. He also wrote that the specific contribution of instructional leadership styles to professional development was not fully explored.Stepans, 2001 stated that the role of the principal was to support the professional development activities appeared to be crucial ti the crucial professional reaping of teachers since it assisted in its success. When on that point is a full discussion on issues and prob lems in a school between the teachers and the principal, the process contribute a push-down stack in the carrer development and professional expertise.(Hopkins 1990)This hit the books will discuss the specific characteristics instructional leadership styles necessary in the enhancement of quality professional development in middle schools. It will also look at the ways that the principals can try and motivate teacher by researching on what teachers regain important and using it to motivate them.The research is also geared towards the evaluation of the relationship between the characteristics leadership styles and the overall teacher performance and higher student achievement improvement in middle schools. come along research may be done in order to evaluate whether or not the characteristics of leadership have a direct correlation to overall improvement in teacher performance and higher student achievement in middle schools.Background of the studyWiles (1983), notes that the qu ality of leadership that a principal exhibits determines the success of a school system. Previous research has been carried out to determine if there was a relationship between principals leadership styles and the teachers motive. Brown-Howards research carried out in 2007, identified the teachers motivation levels were determined by teachers by age, gender and experience. He also indicated that principals leadership styles has pocketable to no impact on motivation based on the age, gender or experience of the teachers (Brown-Howard, 2007). According to Raines (2004) the overwhelming responsibilities and demands of the principals professional positions are constant challenge. In this age of increased accountability, he adds, principals are expected to manifest exemplary performance in an ever-increasingly number of fronts. One such front is the area of professional development of teachers under their command.Jurasaite-Harbison (2009) in a study of the way teachers learn it was fou nd that teachers are put under immense pressure by the circulating(prenominal) edicational policies.thse pressurs involved the teachers having to concurrently modify their practices. For such changes to be effective, it is very important for the professional development to enlarge areas of s distinguish so that it can capture a wider range of areas that are indoors their unique epistemology that is teaching resources and instructional practices(Elmore, 2000). On the other hand, Jurasaite-Harbison (2009) stresses that for the reforms to to be a success, various learning opportunities continuous professional evolution is necessary for the teachers. According to Jurasaite-Harbison (2009) Within schools context, this professional growth takes place under the schools administrators guidance and is part of daily workplace learning.Other researches including (Maehr and Midgeley, 1991 1996 Maehr and Anderman, 1993 Maehr and Fyans, 1989) have come up with a considerable empirical evidenc e that suggest that the coating of a school can motivate both the teachers and students to learn by instilling a positive feeling in the teachers about their work. High achieving and move students as well as improved teachers attitude towards their jobs and collaboration amongst themselves are factors that are highly associated to a positive school culture(Stolp and Smith, 1995). Research done by (Sashkin and Sashkin, 1990 Sashkin and Walberg, 1993 Ogawa and Bossert, 1995 Leithwood, 1994) proposed that for a school culture to operate effectively and for its creation and maintenance, the principals leadership practices used are very important. Further, evidence obtained from several studies (Leithwood and Jantzi, 1990 Sashkin and Sashkin, 1990) provides a strong base in supporting the jot that transformational leadership leads to relatively more desirable school cultures.There are other concerns ot teaching teaching principals that have been focused on in research. These concerns are inadequate professional preparation and support, inadequate time for instructional leadership, isolation, and few opportunities for career advancement (Murdoch and Schiller, 2002). It was further discovered that principals are often overwhelmed and frustrated by the usual heavy workload and felt guilty about it to an extent that these frustrations adversely affect their family relationships and also their physical health. According to(Lashway, 2003 Lester, 2003 Wildy and Clarke, 2005) it was realized that most teaching principals lack the necessary skill to deal with the challenges, tensions and dilemmas that result from and those related to instructional leadership and management, the high system and local community expectations as well as personal and community values. However, Southworth (2002) discovered that success in principal ship came along with some significant development and growth in confidence and an individual sense of egotism. These findings clearly show that a principles ability to cope and survive the challenges and trials of organization leadership helped in building their self esteem.Findings suggest a positive correlation between principals transformational leadership and the presence of school social organization associated with effective schools (Evans, T.J 1996). Research studies strongly support the fact that the leadership of the school principal impacts directly on the climate of the school and, in turn, on student achievement (Norton 2003). From these findings, it is evident that the leadership stlyles of a principal are very important in defining the success of a school and also that these styles describe the kind of climate that will be prevalent in the school. paddy field (2000) in a case study of a middle school on institutional leadership found that the principal as an instructional leader used an approach to leadership that was systematic. According to more finding, the principals realize their roles importance and use th e position and positional power to in influencing change. The study also discovered that organizations that are successfully restructured insisted on and practiced shared leadership. As rice paddy (2000) writes, shared leadership involves a lot of teamwork and collaboration between the principle and the staff and also among the the staff themselves. In this case, the principal has to realize the need for a safe and disciplined environment. From the case study it was revealed that in shared leadership, the teachers professional development was highly facilitated. From the principals point of view ,such professional development is perceived to be an important means to an end. The end results that were intended, implementation of change and teachers were found to be a useful vehicle of such change, as empowered leaders. The study revealed that principals provided the teachers with extensive professional development to enable the them to be empowered leaders.In 1995, a study by Kristine Hipp and Paul Bredson was promulgated and it was about the relation ship betweenthe self efficiency of teachers and leadership styles of principals. The basic assumption of this study and two more that were done later (Hipp 1996,1997) was that the leadership style of a principle and the self efficacy of teachers were linked directly. From this study, there was empirical evidence that connected the aspects of transformational leadership and principle teacher efficacy. This led to the conclusion that transformational leadership led to self efficacy of teachers.The importance instructional leadership responsibilities of the principal has been emphasized in research done(Brookover Lezotte, 1982 Duke, 1983 Edmonds, 1979 and Kroeze, 1984). On the other hand, according to (Flath, 1989), literature has seemingly come to a consensus that instructional leadership is rare practice. Stronge (1988) found out that most time of the principal is concentrated on school management and only a few o f their hours are allocated to program issues. In reference to his computation,62.2% was the time used in school management , and only 6.2% of the time was allocated to program issues. He adds that in a principals veritable(prenominal) day, out of the many tasks carried out,only11% of those tasks is instructional leadership related. Berlin, Kavanagh, and Jensen (1988) say that for schools to progress ,principals should be able to plan their tasks in a way that their daily activities come in between their leadership role in the curriculum. McNally (1992) argues that there are certain middle-school principals who are effective but Fullan (1991) says that effective institutional leaders are a rare group to find.The above cases try to identify the various attempts that have been made to explain and clarify the various relationships that exist between the principal and the teachers. Mickey (2000) case study that aimed at provide empirical evidence about a specific approach to leadership and the resulting effect on the teachers, this paper has not identified any study that focused on the leadership styles and their impact on quality professional development of teachers. The study therefore, by presenting empirical evidence, seeks to find the impact of administrators leadership styles on the professional development of teachers, focusing on middle schools. In a study by leithwood 1990, it was conluded that a principals support and the teachers professional development were highly correlated.Statement of the ProblemAccording to the Maryland State Department of Education (2008), middle school label a significant change in the way in which a student progresses in learning. In order to equip the teachers to properly address the school students changes, their preparation needs to be extensively and professionally addressed. This is a stage where adolescents change how they value and view thinking, and there are also developments that are both psychological and physical and these changes influence the students achievements. Therefore, it is very important that the middle school teachers undergo extensive and quality professional development in order to meet the educational needs of the middle school population (Maryland State Department of Education, 2008).It is not known however, to what extent the leadership styles of middle school administrators have an impact on quality professional development of teachers in middle schools. According to Jackson and Davis (2000), the instructional leadership in middle schools is one of the most essential components to accomplish a high achieving school and quality teachers. This leadership in high achieving schools is supplied by an administrator who has specific characteristics which assist in effective professional development of teachers as well as the sustainment of an educational environment fostering a vision of highest student achievement (Jackson Davis, 2000). This paper therefore seeks to explore the link between middle-school constitution and professional development and high students achievement by addressing the quest questionsTo what extent do leadership styles of middle school administrators affect quality professional development of teachers in middle schools? Which specific leadership style or styles contribute to effective professional development for middle school teachers? What are the experiences of middle school administrators during the process of teacher professional development?Wiles and Bondi (1994) observed that most research carried out has been directed towards gaining knowledge about and understanding leadership styles. Yet, despite the considerable thought, extensive writings and a large body of empirical research, leadership remains a rather mysterious concept. This study is aimed at contributing greatly to understanding the specific characteristics of instructional leadership styles that have influence on the quality of professional development in middl e schools. Further research may be carried out to evaluate whether thecertain characteristics of leadership have a direct or indirect correlation to overall improvement in teacher performance and higher student achievement in middle schools.Purpose of the studyIn 1995, a study by Kristine Hipp and Paul Bredson was published and it was about the relation ship betweenthe self efficacy of teachers and leadership styles of principals. The basic assumption of this study and two more that were done later (Hipp 1996,1997) was that the leadership style of a principle and the self efficacy of teachers were linked directly. From this study, there was empirical evidence that connected the aspects of transformational leadership and principle teacher efficacy. This led to the conclusion that transformational leadership led to self efficacy of teachers. Continued professional development of middle school educators and their quality preparation is imperative for middle school educators. Fo adolesc ents, this timeframe within the educational process is marked by changes in how students think about thinking, as well as other physical and psychological development that may affect students achievement. Therefore, it is crucial that middle school teachers receive quality professional development in order to meet the educational needs of the middle school population so that these students are prepared to progress from middle school to high school (Maryland State Department of Education, 2008). Findings suggest a positive correlation between principals transformational leadership and the presence of school social organization associated with effective schools (Evans, T.J 1996). Research studies strongly support the fact that the leadership of the school principal impacts directly on the climate of the school and, in turn, on student achievement (Norton 2003).This study will contribute to understanding the specific characteristics of instructional leadership styles that are most like ly to enhance the quality of professional development in middle schools. This research will identify high achieving schools characteristics as well as the instructional leadership styles that contribute to their success as evident from the students achievement. In a study by leithwood 1990, it was conluded that a principals support and the teachers professional development were highly correlated. RationaleThis study will use qualitative research methods in the identification of instructional leadership of middle school administrators in the Guam school district. Guam,is an island in the western Pacific Ocean and is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States. It is the largest, in terms of size, of the Mariana Islands. It also has an organized established civilian governing body (DOI Office of Insular Affairs, 2007). In the United states, education is to a large extent provided by the public sector. The federal government, state and local government. are responsibl e for the funding and the control of schools. It is compulsory for all children to attend primary(elementary school) and secondary (high school.)levels. At these school levels there are locally elected school boards that se the school curricula, funding and teaching and these boards also have juriction over school districts.The School districts have distinct jurisdictions from other local bodies, and have independent budgets as well as officials. The governments are left with the role of making educational standards and standardized examineing decisions.. Different states have different ages for mandatory school attendance, and mostly the fount ages are five to eight and ending ages are between fourteen to eighteen. Increasingly, states are now requiring school attendance until the age of 18 years (U.S. entanglement for Education Information U.S. Department of Education).Attending a public school, a state-accredited private school, or a certified home school program meets the ne cessary for compulsory education.. In most public and private schools, there are rhee levels of education elementary school, junior high school and high school. The junior high school level is the one that is usually referred to as middle school. Children are divided by age groups into grades, starting from the kindergarten for the youngest children in elementary school. The kindergarten is followed by starting signal grade. The last grade is the twelfth grade which should correspond with the final year of school. However, the exact age range of students in these grade levels varies slightly from state to state (U.S. Network for Education Information U.S. Department of Education).The entire island of Guam is served by the Guam Public School system. High rate of school dropouts and poor performance in test is a problem common in Guam Public Schools. Guam has a very diverse student body which includes many students from backgrounds that do not use the traditional United States educat ion. In addition Guams educational system has always faced other unique challenges as a small community located 6,000miles (9,700km) from America mainland. The island went through an economic downturn in the mid-1990s and this led to the education problem (Pacific Stars and Stripes, 1993 DOI Office of Insular Affairs, 2007)The U.S. Department of Defense initially partnered with the Guam posting of Education but in September 1997 the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) opened its own schools which were initially for the children of military personnel but later started serving the children of some federal civilian employees. DoDEA schools had an attendance of 2,500 in 2000. In Guam, there are three elementary/middle schools and one high school that are operated by DoDEA.(http//www.gdoe.net)This study will discuss two out of the three middle schools on study in the Department of Defense Education Activity in Guam and which both are in close proximity. The participants are two male administrators with 35-40 teachers. One middle school is on a dark blue base, while the other is on an Air Force base. Both schools follow the same district professional development, face to face interviews and observation will form the basisResearch Questions 1According to Bennis Nanus (2003) an organization a vision and the mechanism for translating the vision into a reality is given by leadership.. This study will examine the impact tht a principals style of leadership has on professional development of teachers which is aimed at ensuring high achievement of students. The following research, grounded on the leadership literature, the educational institutions organization culturehighly focusing on middle school and professional development. Specifically, the study will require do to the following questions To what extent do leadership styles of middle school administrators affect quality professional development of teachers in middle schools? Which specific leadershi p style or styles contribute to quality professional development for middle school teachers? What are the experiences of middle school administrators during the process of implementing quality professional development? Is there a relationship between the principals leadership stlles and teachers motivation? If there is a relationship between the leadership style and teachers motivation, what is the extent of the relationship? What is the impact of teachers motivation on their performance at work and also in their professional development process. What is the impact of techers professional development on their performance and the performance of the students. What is the impact of an schools culture on professional development of teachers and their relationships in the school.Significance of the StudyAccording to the Maryland State Department of Education (2008), middle school marks a significant change in the manner in which a student progresses in learning. Quality preparation and c ontinued professional development of middle school educators is imperative in order for middle school educators. For adolescents, this timeframe within the educational process is marked by changes in how students think about thinking, as well as other physical and psychological development that may affect students achievement. Therefore, it is crucial that middle school teachers receive quality professional development in order to meet the educational needs of the middle school population so that these students are prepared to progress from middle school to high school (Maryland State Department of Education, 2008)Other researches including (Maehr and Midgeley, 1991 1996 Maehr and Anderman, 1993 Maehr and Fyans, 1989) have come up with a considerable empirical evidence that suggest that the culture of a school can motivate both the teachers and students to learn by instilling a positive feeling in the teachers about their work. High achieving and motivated students as well as improv ed teachers attitude towards their jobs and collaboration amongst themselves are factors that are highly associated to a positive school culture(Stolp and Smith, 1995). From this research principals will know the importance of mitivating teahers as well as the ways that best motivate the teahers and student so as to improve the performance of a shool.Research done by (Sashkin and Sashkin, 1990 Sashkin and Walberg, 1993 Ogawa and Bossert, 1995 Leithwood, 1994) proposed that for a school culture to operate effectively and for its creation and maintenance, the principals leadership practices used are very important. The principals leadershot stles that are necessary in the creation and operation an effective school culture will be discusssed in this study.Further, evidence obtained from several studies (Leithwood and Jantzi, 1990 Sashkin and Sashkin, 1990) provides a strong base in supporting the suggestion that transformational leadership leads to relatively more desirable school cult ures. Southworth (2002) discovered that success in principal ship came along with some significant development and growth in confidence and an individual sense of self. The study will also focus on a principals individual characteristcs that help them in their leadership of the school as well as in their role of proffesionaly devoloping the teachers. These findings clearly show that a principles ability to cope and survive the challenges and trials ofThe importance instructional of leadership responsibilities of the principal has been emphasized in research done(Brookover Lezotte, 1982 Duke, 1983 Edmonds, 1979 and Kroeze, 1984). On the other hand, according to (Flath, 1989), literature has seemingly come to a consensus that instructional leadership is rare practice. Findings suggest a positive correlation between principals transformational leadership and the presence of school social organization associated with effective schools (Evans, T.J 1996). Research studies strongly suppo rt the fact that the leadership of the school principal impacts directly on the climate of the school and, in turn, on student achievement (Norton 2003).Previous research has been conducted to determine if there was a relationship between leadership styles of principals and the motivation of teachers. In 2007, Janet Brown-Howards research identified the motivation levels of teachers by age, gender and experience and indicated that leadership styles of principals has little to no impact on motivation based on the age, gender or experience of the teachers 221 Brown-Howard,Janet 2007 the relationship between the principles leadership styles and teachers motivation will be expounded and the extent to which it influences the techers professional development and the overall performance of the teachers. Definition of terms3pages Through out the research, the following key haggling will be used and their meanings are expressed below. These words includeInstructional leadership styles of p rincipals These are the directional forms of authority that the heads of middle schools use.transformational leadership styles.Middle school student any scholar in the middle school is refer to as a middle school studentMiddle school teacher these are the untrained or trained instructors of academics in middle school. Their involvement with the middle school students is usually direct.Middle school administrator this is an office bearer in middle school and is charged with the responsibilities of institution of the middle schoolsProfessional development this refers to the growth in knowledge of an individual in a certain field or professionQuality professional development excellent development of an individual in middle school in terms of a particular professional skillThe process of implementing quality professional development these are the method(s) used in seeing through development of quality professional developmentmotivationteachers satisfactioncorrelationschool cultureschoo l climateleadership literatureeducational institutionsadolescentsphysical developmentpsychological developmentempirical evidenceAssumptionsSome assumptions have to be laid in place to assist in tackling the above questions.. These assumptions are just as a result of the common issues that are found within several middle schools namely most middle schools are faced by similar shortcomings, most principals of middle school use similar educational policies to oprete, students, teachers and boot in most middle school experience similar limitati

Developmental Profile :: Teaching Education

Developmental ProfileDevelopmental Profile for AdolescentsPhysical Characteristics1. Concerning boys in this period, in general the penis and scrotum get much larger, hairs-breadth appears in the axillae and in the pubic area, the voice begins to deepen, and the spurt of height and weight begins. This period, for girls, is a time of rounding out and completing major changes in the standby sex characteristics. For example, most have begun menstruation and the weight and height gains have slowed down (Babcock, 1967).2. Puberty is set into action by the increase of the hormone testosterone in males and estrogen in females (Rathus, et al., 1986).3. The primary sex characteristics enlarge and mature in males--the testes, prostate gland, penis and seminal vesicles, in females--the ovaries, uterus and vagina (Papalia, et al., 1998).4. Acne develops in some callows, delinquent to the change in hormones, and can last well into adulthood (Edelman, et al., 1994).5. Toward the end of pubert y, menarche in girls and ejaculation in boys signals reproductive potential. Puberty that is early or easy can be stressful, although the specifics depend on gender, personality, and culture (Berger, 1998).Intellectual Characteristics1. According to Piaget, insipids enter the naughtyest level of cognitive development--formal operations--when they develop the capacity for abstract thought (Papalia, et al., 1998).2. An adolescent may be adult in his ability to reason and vote, but hes more childish in his attitude toward sex and marriage (Babcock, 1967).3. Adolescent egocentrism, on with feelings of uniqueness and invincibility, can cloud judgment, as well as make them extraordinarily self-absorbed (Berger, 1998).4. The specific intellectual advancement of each teenager depends greatly on education. Each culture and each school emphasizes different subjects, values, and modes of thinking, a variation which makes some adolescents much more sophisticated in their thoughts and behav ior than others (Berger, 1998).5. Ericksons opening of identity vs. identity confusion emerges. This is involves the adolescent determining his/her own sense of self or experience confusion about roles (Edelman, et al., 1994).Socio-Emotional (Behavioral)1. Some young adolescent girls, more so than boys, are dealing with eating disorders such as Bulimia and Anorexia (Papalia, et al., 1998).2. Sexual activity rises for a variety of reasons, such as, seeking affection, friction match pressure, as a symbol of maturity, spontaneous experimentation, to feel close, and because it feels good (Edelman, et al., 1994).3. Given the restrictions placed on adolescents, their yearning for independence, and a sex drive heightened by high levels of sex hormones, it is not surprising that many adolescents report frequent conflict with their families (Rathus, et al.

Marae Essay examples -- Sociology, Māori culture

From a modern day perspective, the purpose of the marae has been as a place for the more than functionary parts of Mori culture. The marae are unequalled places of importance. Marae hold the companionship of the Mori culture. They are the repositories of their hi romance, their stories, and their existence. Ratima, 2010. Importantly, as highlighted in the creation story in Ahorangi Genesis, the ancestor wed is through Tane, as the whare is an embodiment of Tane. His precious gift was te whare kura as a physical structure to house k straightledge which can be viewed as the parallel to the human structure. Whereas in earlier times, the full term marae applied only to the open area, often now called marae-atea, in front of the whare, today the term marae is commonly used to describe the entire compound (Tauroa & Tauroa, 1986). The whare (tipuna or nui), sometimes called meeting house, reads, to the initiated, like a history book. With build up outstretched in welcome, the b e of the ancestor, generally endowing his name to the marae, is set outed by the whare. His carved form, tekoteko, is atop the roof (maori.org.nz, 2011). The carved pieces under the head and down towards the ground- maihi, represent the arms, with the tahuhu or centre ridgeline pole being the spine of the ancestor, then the heke, or rafters, running off the tahuhu on both sides representing the ribs. In the fully carved whare, the walls are adorned with poupou or carvings, as well as tukutuku, or woven panels. The uprights, normally two, hold up the tahuhu, representing the connection between Ranginui, the sky breed and Papatuanuku, the earth mother, (mori.org.nz) (Tauroa & Tauroa 1986). Carvings of the ancestors serve to refer history (Graham, 1997, p. 38).Looking back... ...on by NZQA for its courses in crafts and Mori arts and carving, hospitality and employment skills (Christchurch city council, 2011). Incredibly, in keeping thou with technological advances, we have pract ical(prenominal) marae, as shown by the artist Lisa Reihana, who has created her own virtual marae, accessible to Mori living worldwide, using photography and video (visualarts.qld.gov.au). In conclusion, as an institution, the marae stands for much more than the official parts of Mori culture. It has its own system, its own learning and its own function. It is operaring still as Tanes gift to mankind. development is dominant on Marae, which now provide pathways to degrees, trade training and other NZQA opportunities. Marae are leading the way, taking their proper place in Mori society. Marae are the foundation of Mori impropriety and tinorangatiratanga ( Ratima, 2010). Marae Essay examples -- Sociology, Mori cultureFrom a modern day perspective, the purpose of the marae has been as a place for the more official parts of Mori culture. The marae are unequalled places of importance. Marae hold the knowledge of the Mori culture. They are the repositories of their hi story, their stories, and their existence. Ratima, 2010. Importantly, as highlighted in the creation story in Ahorangi Genesis, the ancestor link is through Tane, as the whare is an embodiment of Tane. His precious gift was te whare kura as a physical structure to house knowledge which can be viewed as the parallel to the human structure. Whereas in earlier times, the term marae applied only to the open area, often now called marae-atea, in front of the whare, today the term marae is commonly used to describe the entire compound (Tauroa & Tauroa, 1986). The whare (tipuna or nui), sometimes called meeting house, reads, to the initiated, like a history book. With arms outstretched in welcome, the body of the ancestor, generally endowing his name to the marae, is represented by the whare. His carved form, tekoteko, is atop the roof (maori.org.nz, 2011). The carved pieces under the head and down towards the ground- maihi, represent the arms, with the tahuhu or centre ridge pole bei ng the spine of the ancestor, then the heke, or rafters, running off the tahuhu on both sides representing the ribs. In the fully carved whare, the walls are adorned with poupou or carvings, as well as tukutuku, or woven panels. The uprights, normally two, hold up the tahuhu, representing the connection between Ranginui, the sky father and Papatuanuku, the earth mother, (mori.org.nz) (Tauroa & Tauroa 1986). Carvings of the ancestors serve to preserve history (Graham, 1997, p. 38).Looking back... ...on by NZQA for its courses in crafts and Mori arts and carving, hospitality and employment skills (Christchurch city council, 2011). Incredibly, in keeping pace with technological advances, we have virtual marae, as shown by the artist Lisa Reihana, who has created her own virtual marae, accessible to Mori living worldwide, using photography and video (visualarts.qld.gov.au). In conclusion, as an institution, the marae stands for much more than the official parts of Mori culture. It has its own system, its own learning and its own function. It is operaring still as Tanes gift to mankind. Education is dominant on Marae, which now provide pathways to degrees, trade training and other NZQA opportunities. Marae are leading the way, taking their proper place in Mori society. Marae are the foundation of Mori autonomy and tinorangatiratanga ( Ratima, 2010).