Business Environment and Its Impact on Premier Food

The peripheral environment includes of different kinds of aspects out of the company doors that typically onto have much control over. Managing the strengths of internal operations and recognizing potential opportunities and threats outside of company's operations are keys to business success. Premier Food is one the famous and largest retailer in UK which is primarily renowned for food manufacturing. Premier Food is well managed in its internal and external factors which lead them to progress successfully.TASK 1 I(a) Purpose of Different types Of Organization Premier Foods Premier Foods produces a range of own-label products across many food categories. Premises major markets are the United Kingdom's biggest food tillers, wholesalers and convenience stores, and food manufacturers. They have a crystal clear defined plan of merging reflected in the recent addition of the premier product like Ox, Botchers and Homicide. Their expertise passes over in a wide range of food and drink secto rs, and reputation of their comprehensive range means that they have an annual group turnover of over IEEE million.By owning some of the Auk's most recognized food brands, they additionally manufacture hundreds of products that cater for the food accommodation industry and are introduced to supply retailer branded food product to the Auk's popular food retailers. Avoidance It is a major international telecommunication corporation with coverage in 29 countries and partnership contact with a further 42 countries including Safari in Kenya. It has almost 75,000 workers in all over the world and in 2014 had more than 295 million clients. In the UK, almost 25 million people are using Avoidance services for communication.Avoidance's goal is ‘to be the world's telecommunication leader and a key element of this is to build a good relationship with the customer by trust and admiration. The company ensures this by taking a relevant step by which they are contending their equines in all o ver the world. By taking this type of approach they increase its reputation and builds customer loyalty. Its corporate techniques and its Corporate Responsibility (CRY) techniques are internally linked. Avoidance be certain of their long-term retailing achievement emanate from contemning business in an imperishable way. (b) Central economy VS. Market economy In market economy, market prefers mutually beneficial exchange between producer and consumer and system that rely on markets. That means what to produce determined by consumer, how to produce is determined by the reducer and who gets the products depends in the purchasing power of the consumer. On the other hand, in central economy the production of goods and services is undertaken by state-owned enterprises. That means an economic system in which decisions are taken by the government rather than by the interaction between consumers and businesses.Both this system generally used to prevent economic problem. In market economy the price Of the product is always fluctuating. As a result sometimes it's very hard to grab the customer in one product. Also there have some opportunity for the producer like a great revenue opportunity. On the basis of the physical and tactical position both premier food and Avoidance can survive on that following economic decision. But as premier food is a food manufacturer, they are very flexible in central economy rather than market economy because the coordination of scarce resources at times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster.Free markets also fail at times to allocate resources efficiently, so remedies often involve the allocation of resources by government to compensate for these failures. As for Avoidance, they can survive in both economic systems. 1 (C) Identify Reasons Of stable demand Of rimier food The strategy of Premier food is very simple. They produce safe and reliable food that give the customer satisfaction and produce a great variety of product that give s opportunity to the customer to taste different flavor. That's why consumer always attracted to the company's product. Over the last 1 0 years company expand its business globally.They did an agreement with the Gores group to improve their operational infrastructure and to upgrade their technology. As a result they are now manufacturing more foods effectively and ensuring more safety measure to the food's safety. Also recently they are selected a telecommunication provider AVOIDANCE to provide integrated communication. So that its gives the company to boost their marketing strategy. So on my perspective; think Company's customer environment is better than 10 years ago. I(d) Objective of the different Stockholders Premier food is the largest food manufacturing company in ASK.So they are greatly affected by their stakeholder like customer, employees, government, community, owner etc. The customer of premier is always seeking for safe and reliable product and value for money. The empl oyees of the company ho give their best to make the business successful want job security, job satisfaction. Company must ensure that want to give better service to the consumer. The government manages the economy so company must give them Taxes and ensuring new job opportunities. 1 (E) Responsibilities to the Stakeholders Premier food is maintaining a good relation with the consumer.As a result they are now able to find out the solution of relevant problem very effectively. Company offers a great Variety of product which give opportunity to the customer to taste different product. Employees are the major element of the company. So company gives them proper satisfaction by paying them properly and ensuring a great job environment. Premier foods audit their financial statement time o time. This will make the government to feel that they are following their rules and regulations. Moreover they are paying taxes properly.TASK 2 2(a) PESTLE Analysis political UK Government is very much c oncern about the condition and derivation of the food people eat. They also want to make sure that food is originated in very ethical way, with give attention in the environment, which is generally accepted welfare standards are practiced. As per government policy Premier Food Continued commitment to ELK sourcing such as Hoops bread made from flour 100% garnered in the I-J. Premier Food always maintain a strong food Safety unit to check the food that produced by them. Economic In the world, the United Kingdom has one of the paced increasing food and drink markets.Only the food and drink category achieves sales and paramount magnification areas lie in value integrated products I. E. Ready foods or Non-European prescription. Premier foods presumed that the UK cuisine market is extremely competitive, ‘inductively authorizing consistent product origin and dependable supplier whilst finding more competitive racing and innovative incipient products'. On that purpose Premier Foods ma ke an agreement with an private investment firm named Gores Group trading as Hoops Ltd that help them to introduce new technology to smooth transition.Social Over the year premier Foods made further significant progress in their four major Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) sector of retail place, Environment, Workplace and Community involvement. They also gives bolster to local charitable party in a regular period and motivates their workers to organize various activity and grow money to support in the good causes near o where they work such as Employees raised a fantastic IEEE,OHO for corporate charity partner ‘Cancer Research KICK'. Technological To build new technology, Premier foods make an agreement with the Gores Group that help them to smooth Transition.Legal Premier foods operate in an industry where it is very difficult to have a product that is different to its competitors, when they do release a product with an innovative capability it is vital to protect the r ights to it through patents, copyright, trademarks or design to ensure they are not â€Å"stolen† by their competitors. Not only are competitors a threat of intellectual, but Premier food must ensure they do not fall victim to counterfeiters. Environmental The company started to give five star environmental awards to their entire production site in 2009 in order to maintaining the environment from any kind of disaster.The scheme is a benchmark ascertaining ‘energy utilization, waste, dehydrogenate monoxide utilization and carbon dioxide emissions are meticulously monitored. They also use unfriendly machine and work environment which has a adverse effect on polluting environment. They always try to maintain CEO friendly Environment. 2(B) How following factors Effect premier Foods Unemployment Rate: unemployment denotes being fired from the firm or corporation or positions where the people want to work in affirm or company but retain none. Unemployment is one of the most paramount macroeconomic be speaker to quantify the efficiency of an economy.If one person fired from his job then one person is less from the economy who will not pay state and federal income taxes, one fewer individual who will not able to pay additional retail tax income as a work less worker will fixating on curtail on their dispensable additional spending due to less expandable income and very much worried bout further economical security. As a food manufacturer, it will effect on their selling. ICP inflation For the day to day consumer, it means prices for things go up. But, if the ICP is rising quicker than people average wages, then the consumer's purchasing power declines.They can't buy as much as whatever it is as they did in the past. So it has great effect on Premier Foods. Interest Rate Interest rates are a quotidian element of business.. Companies focus exuberance on money they scrounge, and when they have adventitious money, they apprehend ebullience when they ascertai n that cash in a secure investment. Companies additionally complaint enthusiasm when the company's consumers purchase goods and accommodations on credit. A elevates or reduction in enthusiasms returns have a great effect on this business performance as well as the purchasing style of the company's consumers.As premier food is a very big manufacturing organization so they also need to get loan from the financial institution. As a result this factor has a great impact on the Premier food. Exchange rates Exchange rate is an important tool in international trade. Without this, it is not possible to trade. If the Premier's goods become expensive in other countries cause of international trade then those foreigners will not purchase those goods. RIP Inflation: Retail price index measures the change in the cost of a basket of retail goods and services.So if the index shows high rate then it will create great effect on company's price of the product. If the price of the product increases th en the customer may not give attraction to the product. So it's necessary to control the RIP inflation. 2(C) Indication of social and cultural factors affecting consumers which lie behind Premier Foods Premier Foods have 30 food manufacturing sites, 12 distribution depots and flour mills across the United Kingdom, working almost 19,000 people. Many of their production areas have a long past with a intense relationship with their local neighborhood.For example, Ambrosia has been making popular dairy-based products, at the same site in Devon, since it was established in 1917. The Creamery began with only a dozen Staff and now employs 270 local people; over its 93 year history, generations of families have worked at the production areas. Each of their sites has a neighborhood winner who along with their working partner determines which local charities and movements o get presuppose with and support. In December 201 1, the agreement with CRUD, a charitable organization is come to end.Th e partnership with CRUD is recognized in a great accomplishment, the company's entire worker did a hard work and activities for CRUD so much, and as consequence of the employee's activities they raised IEEE,OHO against an initial target to raise IEEE,OHO. At the end of 2010, they again asked all their employees to nominate their preferred charity partner for 2011 and 2012. The charity with most votes was â€Å"Help for Heroes†. Although company Specialized with various mind of brands like OX, Quern , Hoops, Botchers and Brannon Pickle which make them power brand of the country.For that following reasons Premier foods now recognized as both power and support Brands. 2(D) Choosing the Right Strategy Premier Foods now established as UK leading food manufacturer, specializing in many consumer brand product like OX, Quern, Hoops, Botchers and Brannon Pickle. It is predicted that 99% of UK population buy at least one premier product in each year. Their employee's efficiency and man agement skill and adopting new technology increases the production, its quality and ells. In recent strategy change they linked with Avoidance which help to boost in their marketing support.So in this prospect they have to expand their business in different European country. As a result they can use different environmental advantage to boost their production and cutting marginal cost. So on my perspective; they need to concentrate on expansion. Task 3 3(a) Significance of International Trade International trade is mutually beneficial for two countries. It is important for the I-J so that it can maintain its economics strengths and improve in an increasingly competitive global economy. There are many important elements that are important about international trade, economic strengths and global markets.Without international trade business would not be as profitable and economies would suffer. If UK leaves IF, then it will create a great impact on economy. If UK based company had to on ly retail and trade their manufacturing item internally, never retailing or presuming their items to customer in another marketplace or countries, the government of the country would completely restricted Its percept. They may earn a steady trade from UK customer, but they wouldn't be prosperous to increment as much as if the many retailed with ten other countries realtor. Additionally it withal engender a disadvantage for the company.EX. is a free traded area where products are able to move independently with no border maintenance and no import VAT and obligations. On the other hand, Business like premier Food has to give additional cost for import goods or raw material. So, it will be a bad news for Premier Food. 3(b) Impact of global factor in UK business Premier food and Avoidance, both have face loss if UK leaves EX.. They have to cost more money than before to continue their business in EX.. They are not blew to do their activities independently with no border maintenance and no import VAT and obligation in all EX. country.Avoidance is more lose than Premier Food because they spread their business in most of the EX. country. For this decision they have pay more money and as a result it will create a great impact on their consumer mobile billing system which is not so good for the company. 3(C) Impact of EX. policy in LIKE UK economy is greatly influenced by the ELI membership in a number of ways. One of the most important effects rise through the Single Market, the element of economic integration through which the Else's ‘four freedoms' are established. EX. has a great combination in their policy which affects the other policy too.The EX. maintain a great relationship with other countries outside the community to negotiate retail and to make investment and the competence is a man made community with a general peripheral tax on imported products. This relationship thus contributes a deep affects the Auk's trade relations with non-E members. An expan ded EX. creates new markets for the UK exports. It allows the I-J firms to enjoy the benefits of economies of scale and so gain from trade. New markets for UK exports and increased intention from new member's countries should increase dynamic efficiency.The UK firms like Avoidance and Premier food in the traded goods and service sectors will be forced to improve their competitiveness. The UK will have a good trade relation with other countries. There will be a trade creation. Conclusion From the above observations premier Food have to monitor some important issue. Premier food is a Food manufacturing company beside that is a listed company in the London Stock Exchange. They started from a small scale but now reached the global arena. They should be more attentive to meet the objectives of its stakeholders.

To what extent was there political and economic reform in the years 1906-1916?

To what extent was there political and economic reform in the years 1906-1916? In the years 1906-1916 there was some economic reform made my Stolypin and some political reform made by the four Dumas. Stolypin made his land reforms and other agricultural reforms in order to improve agriculture and increase production. However he was not majorly successful in constructing economic reforms to improve conditions in cities. The tsar had allowed an elected legislative assembly (Duma) which was in place for the first time.However the concessions the tsar made in the October manifesto after the 1905 revolution were expedients rather than real reforms. The Duma did not become a limitation on the tsar’s autocratic powers. This essay will look at both the extent to which there was political and economic reform in the years 1906-1916 by referring to Stolypin’s reforms, the strengths and weaknesses of the Duma, as well as the government’s involvement in political and economic reform. Stolypin was one factor which contributed to the economic reform in the years 1906-1916.Stolypin made reforms which contributed in modernising Russian agriculture and making it more productive. For example he passed a law that made it easier for peasants to break away from communes, allowing them to move freely around Russia. The peasants’ land bank was also promoted by Stolypin to give more loans to peasants and hence encourage them to move to the undeveloped agricultural areas of Siberia with the incentive of cheap land financed by the government loans. Stolypin’s reforms meant that increasing the number of peasants landowners who farmed more efficiently would lead to fewer Russian peasants being needed to farm land.They then had to move to the cities to gain employment, which helped in meeting the increasing demand for workers in cities. It could be argued that his land reforms were a success as in 1905, 20 per cent of peasants owned land which by 1915 incr eased to 50 per cent. Agricultural production had also increased from 45. 9 million tonnes in 1906 to 61. 7 million tonnes in 1913. These figures illustrate that the reforms he introduced had an enormous impact in the improvement of agriculture and production suggesting that Stolypin had made significant reforms and the years 1906-1916 were a period of major economic reform.However on the other hand it could be argued that Stolypins ideas were not as helpful in economic reform as although he had helped in agricultural production; he had done little to improve the cities. For example industries where most of the profit is generated were not developed and even thought he had helped peasants and brought great changes to the Russian countryside, he had not done much to improve living and working conditions of Russia’s industrial workers suggesting that there were little economic reforms in 1906-1916.With limited industrialisation Russia could not supply its self with all the requ ired goods and could not export goods and products to different countries hence their balance of payments and economic state was affected negatively; conveying that there was restricted economic reform in 1906-1916. The four Dumas from 1906- 1917 were a factor which contributed to the political reform in Russia in the years 1906-1916. In 1906 there was an elected legislative assembly (The first Duma) for the first time.All Dumas throughout the period questioned ministers and some were critics of the tsarist system. The amount of laws they were able to pass were limited, but the Dumas could be seen as a huge political reform as before 1906 there was no any form of democratic parliament but rather only the tsar ruled Russia. No one ever dared to question the tsarist system, but there was now a huge improvement and a step forward to what the people of Russia wanted a democratic power.However The Dumas were simply allowed by the tsar to give the appearance of a democratic government and so were not so significant in political reform in 1906-1916. The Dumas were very limited in their actions and the laws they could pass, as they had to be agreed by the tsar. For example the first Duma in 1906 had 319 requests of Laws but only 2 were passed. The tsars ‘Fundamental Laws’ hugely limited the powers of the Dumas and portrayed that things had still not changed majorly, the tsar was still the ruler of Russia and made the main decisions of running the country.This is further intensified by the fact that the tsar had dismissed the first two Dumas in 1906 and 1907 as they were strong critics of the tsarist system and voiced their anger as the ‘Supreme Autocratic Power’ still belonged to the tsar. This contrasts with the 3rd and 4rth Dumas which were kept for longer as were less critics of the tsarist system and were rather supportive. This clearly illustrates that there was limited political reform in 1906-1916 as the tsar was still the main ruler o f Russia and the Dumas were still not able to pass on laws which would improve the state of Russia.Finally although the policies of Stolypin and the introduction of the Duma were important advances, they were not enough to end the tsarist system or make significant political and economic reforms. There was very little political and economic reform in 1906-1916 which was partly because of the tsarist system, but also because of the tsars and governments resistance to make reforms. The government, the Dumas and the tsar also did not cooperate with each other to make changes but rather had their own interests, leading to the obstruction of reform.

Amazon.com

Amazon’s model is not suited for their perpetual growth in coming years. Amazon must consider investing some of its substantial cash reserves to diversify its portfolio of businesses to help protect them against the ever-changing technological and consumer patterns by creating new avenues for revenue growth. Amazon posted a small but unexpected loss in the second quarter of 2013, as it continues to spend heavily on fulfillment centers and digital content. Amazon.com lost $7 million, 2 cents a share, after earning $7 million, 2 cents a share, a year earlier. Amazon can roll out an online payments option that lets shoppers make purchases on websites by logging in with their regular Amazon accounts. Their very own service such as PayPal. By doing this they will benefit their company the most because in the past customers had to separately enter their account details for each purchase made at one of Amazons third-party retailers. Now, Amazon could enable companies to make millions of Amazon customers their customers by inviting online shoppers with Amazon credentials to access their account information safely and securely with a single login. This alternative will also enable Amazon to have a better control on their customer base. The only drawback of this alternative is that Amazon will encounter competition from services such as PayPal.

Marketing strategy for managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing strategy for managers - Essay Example Based on these factors a manager can decide how much to spend on advertisements, what values to promote and what kind of media to select for display of advertisements. Direct marketing which means non-existence of intermediaries between the manufacturer and the customer is another effective way of communicating value with the customers. Analyzing consumer markets Only by a thorough understanding of consumers can enable companies to ensure that â€Å"right products are marketed to the right consumers in the right way† (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.151). The cultural and social background of consumers affects their buying patterns. The marketing manager needs to study the four major psychological processes like â€Å"motivation, perception, learning and memory† (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.160) as these affect the behaviour of the consumers towards the market. Building strong brands A strong brand can be created by â€Å"careful planning and a deep long term commitment† ( Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.241). I feel a branded product or service creates a certain amount of trust among the consumers and in the modern day fast life brands enable consumers to easily identify a product thereby simplifying their decision making process. Brands can become successful only if consumers can get satisfaction from â€Å"past experiences with the product† (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p.242). This can happen only if a branded product can satisfy the needs of consumers and it maintains consistency with the messages provided through advertisements. I believe it is the job of the marketing manager to assess the likes and dislikes of the consumers regarding the brand and accordingly make improvements on the branded products or services. In... The essay demonstrates that the ability of a firm in establishing a profitable customer base and relationship highly depends upon the marketing manager. The contribution of the marketing manager in the success of the business in due course of time enhances the personal perspectives as well. Development of the buyer-seller relationship enhances dynamically and this takes place through the generation of linkages and relationships with entities of the external marketplace especially between the channels and that of the end users. Strategy enhancement is another dimension that develops as a personal perspective. The lifetime value of a customer can be said to be a driver that helps in the determination of the quantity of resources that a firm generally invests in a particular relationship. The mangers with their developed strategies attract the potential customers and maximize their investment in valuable resources along with the minimization in the non valuable investments. Individual c apabilities develop with time and the representation focuses towards a hardcore customer centric approach leading to the optimal fulfillment of their demands. The development of knowledge and that of the management of interaction is a kind of technology development and can be regarded as a key resource for the establishment of a long term and profitable customer relationship. A perfect blend of sales, marketing and that of service information system will act as a key variable in the development of robust paratnership with the customers.

Cognitive Development Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Cognitive Development Theory - Essay Example Cognitive development is related to socialization. A child's ability to judge social relations and gain sense of morality are largely dictated by his intellectual readiness and interaction with his environment (Levitt, n. d.)Cognitive development theory focuses on the following concerns: the specificity or generalizability of domains in cognitive ability changes; the occurrence and rate of change or the existence of qualitative different stages; the processes occurring in physical or psychological aspect of an individual; and the factors affecting development.Cognitive development theory makes sense of one's environment and physiological conditions at which an individual interacts and functions to provide a system by which the process of learning and teaching might understood and controlled for maximum and optimum cognitive development.On the nature and development of intelligence, cognitive theorists particularly Jean Piaget and Lev S. Vygotsky both consider "the role of environment al factors in shaping the intelligence of children, especially on a child's ability to learn by having certain behaviors rewarded and others discouraged" (Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence). Piaget believed that development proceeds from the individual to the social world.Piaget believes that child's knowledge is composed of schemas, or knowledge units, which serve as basis for organizing past and new experiences. These schemas are continuously defined and redefined through "assimilation" and "accommodation". According to Piaget, learning and understanding concepts can only happen when new things are incorporated into old and previously learned concepts. Otherwise, the schema will change to accommodate new knowledge. According to Piaget, cognitive development is a result of learning. Development occurs due to continuous incorporation of things from previous personal experiences. Learning is individually oriented. Development precedes learning. Piaget believed that intelligen ce arises progressively in the baby's repetitive activities. Vygotsky, in contrast believed that instruction is necessary to attain development. Vygotsky believed that development begins at the social level and moves towards individual internalization. Social and cultural factors are important in the development of intelligence. Through "scaffolding", an adult guided activity, a child learns new things gradually until he reaches new level of understanding. Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky believed that learning precedes development. Vygotsky might have been aware of instances when a child has understood a concept before they can demonstrate their understanding of it. This happens when a child's motor skills are not yet advanced enough or their language skills are not sophisticated enough to indicate their knowledge and mental processes, hence adult guided instruction is recommended to attain development (http://social.jrank.org/pages/145/Cognitive-Development.html). Both theorists however ag ree that development may be triggered by cognitive conflict. Any change in learning skills and knowledge can only happen if the learner has realized the difference and inconsistency with his existing understanding. Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children's egocentric speech was an important part of their cognitive development. They differed in their views of the purpose of egocentric speech. Piaget considered egocentric speech suggests that the child is self-centered and unable to consider the point-of-view of others. Vygotsky seen it as a

Ethics reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics reflection paper - Essay Example Application or action enables one to implement ethical decisions in one’s daily personal and professional life. This A3 approach makes a leader understand the needs of the stakeholders and cater to them with heightened vision. My ethical perspective has evolved throughout the program as I have been able to know what ethical standards I follow and where I need improvement. I have been able to decide between right and wrong and decide among alternatives. I consider that person to be good who wants to do good deeds on a consistent basis. The moral standards of right and wrong are the guidelines that tell us how to take steps toward the betterment of the whole society. Ethical conduct is improved by developing a basic respect for others. Organized ethical attempts addresses the needs of the whole society whose fulfillment is better for the majority of people. My future ethical perspective tells me that I look forward to respect all people from all backgrounds without making any discrimination of color, cast and creed. I have also learnt that rational thinking is important to achieve best ethical results. Treating people at equal basis is all about giving importance to those who have not been listened to in th e past. A person should know how to give respect to others and their decisions and should have the ability to involve others in decision-making process. This is important to conduct oneself ethically. This ethical conduct defines the ways a person ought to live in the society and work toward the betterment of the whole society where all persons are treated on a fair basis. All ethical policies have the same objective to maintain the integrity of the whole society rather than focusing on one individual person. I believe that today’s adolescents need such role models that teach them how to make ethical decisions and live such a life that is respectful to

Reading Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading Questions - Essay Example Education is the foundation of our current global economy which is driven by knowledge. Many Americans enjoy the privilege of obtain student visas to study in renounce universities outside the United States. Student visas foster professional development by allowing foreign people to study in the United States. The knowledge economy of the 21st needs more people to sacrifice themselves studying in order to improve themselves. There should be any imposition on student visas and the government should create new mechanism to make it easier for foreign student to stay in the US once the graduate. There is a shortage of talent in the US, thus keeping these professionals contributing to our economy once they graduate is in the US best interest. Based on the assumption that immigrants created cost for US taxpayers a remedy for this situation is to create a special tax bracket for illegal immigrants so that can contribute to our fiscal situation. Another way for immigrants to contribute to our economy is by creating special programs in which immigrants would have to volunteer their time free of charge to contribute towards social causes. Another way to generate income towards the national economy is to place a price on visas. For example a visa can cost a person $10,000; the money would not have to be paid up front in order to eliminate discrimination against poor people. The immigrants would have to pay the fee by working legally in the United States while their visa is valid. These strategies would be independent of the criteria to become a legal resident. There are differences between the immigrants now and the immigrants from a century ago. A100 years ago the United States was not as populated and it actually needed the immigrant labor to meet the demand for jobs. Nowadays the US economy is not even able to create jobs for its own residents. The

Compare the representation on I tituba, black witch of salem (Maryse Research Paper

Compare the representation on I tituba, black witch of salem (Maryse conde's) and the salem witch trials in the Crucible, film based on Arthur miller's play - Research Paper Example Thus we can say that both the story telling traditions had elements of magic and mysticism incorporated into it. Suddenly in the year 1692 the family members of Samuel Parris suffered from strange fits and the cause of such fits were attributed to witch craft. Then in the process Tituba and two other women were condemned as witches and the cause of the suffering of the Parris family. During the trial the two other women said that they did not know anything about the witches. But Tituba gave detail descriptions of witches and told that she had tried to kill the children. As a result Tituba and the other women were sent to jails. By the end of May in the year 1692 the prisons were filled with women who were arrested because it was believed that they practiced witch craft. Those who were arrested were not tried for long years and when they were tried they were easily accused without any evidences. Only claiming a lady to be witch was enough to accuse her as a witch and hence started the trend of witch craft in the village of Salem. (Wilson, 17-37). â€Å"The Crucible† is a movie based on the play of Arthur Miller the significant characters are John Proctor, Abigail Williams and Reverend Hale. It was Abigail Williams who had set the tempo of the film. Abigail was an orphan unmarried girl and in the society of Salem her position was not more than those of the status of Tituba and the other servants. Therefore there was a growing frustration in her mind and she wanted to uplift her position and wanted to gain importance in the eyes of the society. She could easily achieve her desire with the hysteria she created with the witch craft. She was able to instigate all the other members of her group to use the theme of witch craft and with the help of her group members she was able to send nineteen members to the jail. After this the situation was such that just the words of the girls were enough to send anybody from Salem to the jail under the allegation of

Horse Industry and Equine Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Horse Industry and Equine Law - Essay Example The animal rights advocates and educators will benefit from this paper because they will be given ample information about equine industry. This paper will highlight the proper training and management of horses - may it be for farming or for racing use. This will also include laws and regulations pertaining to accidents and injuries of and by the horses plus the specific laws of betting in race horses. With such information, they will be armed with enough knowledge on what to promote for or against the common practices of equine management. Managers and owners of equine farms will also greatly benefit from this study as they, too, will know if their management practices and/or approaches are appropriate and legal or not. They will be able to assess if they need to modify their strategies or of they need to seek some consultants and experts regarding in the equine industry. Lastly, this paper will be of great help to other and future researchers who would be interested in tackling equine related concepts. The results of this study will serve as their basis for further research or can be used as references to prove their own hypothesis. Keeping the horses physically fit is the most important thing... Lastly, this paper will be of great help to other and future researchers who would be interested in tackling equine related concepts. The results of this study will serve as their basis for further research or can be used as references to prove their own hypothesis. Review of Related Literature Management and Training of Horses For the Horse Keeping the horses physically fit is the most important thing that the equine farm manager must do. This is because horses that become lame cannot be productive nor useful for the farm anymore, hence most often than not, lame horses are already considered dead. To keep the horses healthy and on top of its shape, the farm caretaker must ensure that it has a well balanced rest and 'work' time. Hoses are like humans, they need to rest and to work at the same time. However, unlike humans, horses will need t have longer hours of working than resting. This is because horses that get longer resting periods become more prone to diseases and thy will eventually "loose conditioning" or "get out of shape" when it is having long periods of rest. Hence to ensure that horses will perform very well, a series of trainings and activities should be that which will involve "cardiovascular fitness, respiratory fitness, thermoregulation, muscle fatigue and skeletal fatigue" (Day, 2002). Ensuring that the cardiovascular organs or body parts of the horses are in good condition will help in instigating a fast and sturdy horse. It should be noted that the normal heart rate horses when resting is 35 beats per minute (bpm) on the average. Meanwhile the normal heart rate of horses during "extremely high intensity"

Consumer Behaviour Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer Behaviour - Assignment Example One of the peripheral factors that influences the consumer behaviour is the culture as it is imposed on a person by other individuals. The culture is the complex whole that comprises of knowledge, customs, morals, arts, beliefs and other habits and capabilities which are acquired by a person as a society’s member (Voon, 2011). Since there is a difference among various cultures of the countries, marketers have to ensure that they have sufficient information about the perceptions, norms and rituals of a culture so that the goods and services are offered in accordance to the demands of the respective market’s culture. In today’s dynamic business environment, the marketers have to deal with various challenges especially circumvention of messages that are conflicting, tailoring the marketing activities in ways that are compatible with consumer’s requirements and addressing the behaviour patterns of consumers across varying cultures so that the long-term objectives of customer loyalty can be effectively attained (Mandal, 2012). Although there are many challenges that need to be addressed but the most important ones that impact the consumer behaviour are the culture and psychological factors. Every promotional campaign will have different influences on people belonging to varying cultures; therefore, the marketers have to ensure that product and brand value are created in accordance with their desired goals so that they can develop a right image in the consumer’s minds. Since the product is the main element of the marketing mix which tends to catch the attention of the customers, only product-based marketing campaign will be insufficient for demonstration of the value that is desired by the consumers; in fact, the marketers will have to develop goods and marketing strategy that takes account of all cultural rituals along with in-depth investigation, analysis and

Organizational Behavior-Syllabus Essay Example for Free

Organizational Behavior-Syllabus Essay I. Course Information Intelligence and technical knowledge will only take you so far in your work and private lives. My goal is to introduce you to behavior in organization (and of organizations) in a way that stresses you personal behavioral skill development. In other words, the course should help you assess your strengths and weaknesses and will stress how you can enhance and improve your management skills. To that end, the course stresses a mix of assessment tests for each chapter to give you a personal point of departure for learning and skill development, along with basic theory and cases and role plays to examine examples of situations and skills that we are studying. This is a hands-on course. I expect students to come to class prepared to learn and to participate! Course Objectives: 1) To provide students with knowledge and understanding of the basic principles of organizational behavior (i.e. human behavior in organizations). 2) The course includes both theoretical and practical aspects of OB and is designed to offer introductory knowledge, skills, and perspectives in OB that can be useful for students’ professional and academic careers. II. Course Learning Outcomes: On completion of this course, students should be able to: 1ï ¼Å½ Understand the basic principles of organizational behavior (i.e. human behavior in organizations). 2ï ¼Å½ Be equipped with introductory knowledge, skills, and perspectives in OB that can be useful for students’ professional and academic careers. Teaching and Learning Activities: 1. Lecture 2. In class exercises, small group discussion 3. Team Presentations 4. Final Exam III. Assessment In addition to attendance and engagement in classroom discussion, all items discussed in class including all materials assigned as ‘Required’ reading may be used to assess students’ progress in the class. The methods of assessment include the following: Personal Journal A skills-based OB course centers upon assisting you to assess your strengths and weaknesses, developing a learning plan to redress these and regular reflection about how you can apply the skills and concepts learned outside the classroom. Keeping a journal is the best way to facilitate this. To ensure you get off to a timely start, I shall ask for some specific assignments that constitute part of the journal to be handed in for credit. Examples include the self- assessment of strengths and weaknesses based upon the online assessment (class 2), and other individual exercises in the textbook. You can fulfill the first assignment online at http://www.passovoy.com/assessment/sal/quick.html. You are required to complete a minimum of 8 assessments. In some cases, you will be surprised by what you learn about yourself – both positive and negative. Each student is required to write a maximum two-page single-spaced typed write-up regarding what you learned about yourself. Final Exam A written in-class exam will be given on May 14, 2012. The format of the exam is a combination of multiple-choice and/true-false questions, and are based on lecture and text materials. Many questions are applied and require you to analyze and synthesize OB concepts. Please prepare early for the exams and come to class with any questions or concerns you may have prior to the exam date. Do not feel uncomfortable asking questions. Other students will also benefit from the discussion. Top Five Take-Aways This assignment provides a final opportunity for you to synthesize and share your learning with the class. Reflect on your learning in this class and write up a list of your â€Å"Top Five Take-Aways† from the course. Explain why you chose each concept, how you have utilized it in your own life, and how you think it will help you in your future role as a leader. There is no set length of the paper. That depends on your learning. You are required to turn in a hard copy. Single-spacing, please. Obviously you will not be graded on whether your choice of a learning point is valid or not. Your learning is your learning. Your grade will be based on how well you explain that concept’s application to your life. Your presentation in class will be fairly informal. Each member of the class will have about a minute or so to share a point or two about your most important learning from the course. It is simply an opportunity to reflect on your learning with your peers. Sometimes hear ing what is important to other people can also contribute to your own learning. Group Project Learning to work effectively in groups is a critical work skill. On day one, you will be asked to form groups (final membership to be handed into me by the third meeting. With your group, you will have two assignments. The first is to develop a team learning notebook, recording team responses to case discussion questions throughout the semester. The team learning notebook will be collected during the mid-point of the course (6th week), as well as the end of the course (12th week) . The second assignment is to conduct a 20 minutes presentation on a topic of your choice related to the topic on the day selected by your group. Further information will be given in class and sign up is on a first-come first –serve basis. If any group member expresses displeasure with group process and contributions of others shall used a peer evaluation form. Each individuals contribution will be identified on the peer evaluation form I will provide and that will be confidential (i.e., your group members will not see your evaluation of their participation). All group members should participate equally to obtain full credit for the assignment. For example, if the assignment receives a grade of 8.5 out of 10 and your group gives you 100% participation rate, then you will receive the total 8.5 points. If your group gives you less than 100% participation, your grade will be adjusted accordingly. Evaluation of your peers should help you maintain an appropriate level of participation from all of your group members. IV.Course Policies Academic Dishonesty: Assignments found to have been plagiarized or an exam in which cheating is found to have occurred will receive a grade of ‘zero’.

Aristotles concept of justice Essay Example for Free

Aristotles concept of justice Essay In his book The Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the concept of justice in Book V. Justice is used with its many different connotations. However, in order to explain the statement that justice can only be found in the laws established by the state I would like to point out the last two types of justice and the notion of equity Aristotle refers to in his book. The first is natural justice, true for everyone, and next to that there is conventional justice which can differ in different societies and there is the notion of equity that works in unusual cases. With understanding these three concepts we can reach to the conclusion that according to Aristotle justice can not only be found in the laws established by the state and he is right in claiming such an idea. Anyone who is a virtuous person can also be just. But not everyone who is just is also virtuous. Would you consider someone who kills the murderer of his wife a murderer? Would you put him in the same position as Jack the Ripper? Do you think justice is protected by the law? Is it just to stone adulteresses to death even if it complies with the law? Which law is just and which is not? What are the criteria? Are the laws of the state enough to maintain justice?Such questions can be boosted up to thousands if one starts to think about justice, itsconnotations and the relation between justice and law. The debate is a long-lasting one. In his book The Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle discusses the concept of justice in Book V. Justice is used with its many different connotations. There is particular justice, distributive justice, reciprocal justice, political and social justice, domestic justice, natural and conventional justice. I would like to point out the last two types of justice in order to understand Aristotles idea of law and justice relation in a state. According to Aristotle, there is natural justice, true for everyone, and next to that there is conventional justice which can differ in different societies. Natural justice is the kind of justice that can be applied to every human being regardless of nation, race, religion, etc. It has the same validity everywhere and do not depend on acceptance. Aristotle argues that the things which are not just by nature but by human enactment are not everywhere the same, since constitutions are not the same, though there is  by one which is everywhere by nature the best (124). Accordingly, the conventional justice is set by the society and in some cases by the rulers of the society. However, Aristotle suggests that, for the laws established by the state, a law can be just whether it is for the advantage of the law makers or the rulers or the dominant class. In The Nichomachean Ethics, he says that the laws†¦on all subjects aim at the common advantage either of all or of the best or of those who hold power†¦ (108). He adds that every kind of conventional justice is created in one way from the natural justice and it is normal that they may differ from one society to another. For instance it is by the law to drive on a certain side in Turkey and in Britain people drive on the other side of the road. Both laws are created to maintain justice and order. However there are laws which are created by the state such as the law that women have to wear veils which seems to us not just but what is important to Aristotle is not what we think but how that society with that particular law is affected. As long as the law works for the society, regardless of its rightness, it maintains justice. Lets give an example, at the times of Roman Empire the gladiators fight with each other or with lions, they know that they are going to die at the arena but they do not show any fear, they fight with their honors and they die with an honorable death. Mentioning that laws are created to be functional, to stabilize and control the society, Aristotle talks about the equitable justice in which he stresses that there are cases in which the universal law or justice does not suit to the case in hand. He suggests that laws guide people in the direction of justice but they do not encompass all the cases about justice or injustice. In such conditions he suggests that the judge interferes and corrects the law where it is defective owing to its universality (133). Equity means the correction of the law when it is too abstract for the situation in hand. Aristotle here suggests that the judge or the legislator should find the balance and give the right decision in such situations. Taking these ideas into consideration, according to Aristotle, the laws of  the state are enough to maintain justice for their people only to a certain extent because in some cases the decision making authority is not the law but the judge. I think Aristotle is right in making such a claim because of many reasons. First of all, if the conventional laws are the extensions of natural laws and the natural laws are universal and do not change in any situation but still there are circumstances in which the natural law is tooabstract for the case and the judge and the legislator is the one who is to adapt the law to the case, we can not say that either the natural laws or the conventional laws (the laws established by the state) maintains the justice. Furthermore, if there arecases in which the law does not work, we can not say that the laws established by the state maintain the justice at all times unless we see the starting argument as a generalization. However it is also not possible to know the qualities of the judge whether he is biased toward the case that he balances with the law. Accordingly there may be some cases in which justice may not be maintained because of the origin (in Aristotles words universality) of the law does not cover the case or because of the judges personal qualities. Consequently if the conventional laws are the extensions of natural laws and the natural laws are universal and do not change in any situation but still there are circumstances in which the natural law is too abstract for the case and the judge and the legislator is the one who is to adapt the law to the case, we can not say that either the natural laws or the conventional laws (the laws established by the state) maintains the justice. Bibliography: The Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle

Social Care Assessment for Child With Disabilities

Social Care Assessment for Child With Disabilities Social Work with Children and families Response to a letter from the GP of Amita Kaur, the mother of Gurnam. As a student social worker in a local authority Children with Disability team you will undertake an assessment in relation to Gurnam and his family. This report lays out the proposed method of assessment for Amita Kaur (DOB: 2.3.75) and her family of three children. The approach taken towards the assessment of Gurnam and his family draws from contemporary publications of professionals working in the fields of mental health, learning disabilities, education, and social service provision. The initial assessment of Ms Kaur’s health already made by her G.P stated that Ms Kaur has been ‘in a state of some considerable distress’ and that it was the opinion of her G.P that ‘she is quite worn out as a result of having to cope with substantial family responsibilities and pressures for a long period of time.’ As Ms Kaur is showing symptoms of depression, coupled with her own expression of concern that she was unable to maintain an adequate level of support for her children I propose that some form of social support is offered to help the family for the foreseeable future. I suggest that in order to ascertain the extent of Ms Kaur’s difficulties, and before I suggest any means of intervention, I would like to hear Ms Kaur’s opinion of her and her family’s situation. As highlighted by Gallimore et al (1999, p. 56) it is necessary for social services professionals â€Å"†¦ to regard families as partners to be empowered as active co-decision-makers rather than as cases to be managed†. The impact of parental mental-health problems on their children has already been well-established by research (Rutter Quinton 1984; Beardslee et al. 1998; Stallard et al. 2004. In Slack and Webber (2007). That Ms Kaur is experiencing feelings of vulnerability and concern for her children is an important consideration when considering the type of service to be offered. It is important that the family recognise that social services are here to offer support based upon informed cooperative decisions made between ourselves and themselves, and that we are here to constructively assess them. In our assessment it is important to consider the family as a whole; a working dynamic that has, up until now, been successful. As research suggests, family-centred services for young children with disabilities have promoted a ‘strength-based approach in promoting positive family functioning (Dunst, Trivette, Deal, 1988, 1 994; Powell, Batsche, Ferro, Fox, Dunlap, 1997; Weissbourd Kagan, 1989. In Lesar, (1998), p.263). This approach highlights the strengths in families that they can build on and that ‘the familys strengths, including the social networks and informal supports already available to and within the family, should be the foundation upon which new supports are designed or provided’ (Dunst et al., 1994. In Lesar, 1998, p.263). Through using family strengths as ‘building blocks and tools, the family becomes even stronger and more capable of supporting the well-being of individual family members and the family unit (Trivette, Dunst, Deal, Hamby, Sexton, 1994. Ibid). It is thus the aim of this assessment to work towards providing a program of support that can help to re-establish this working equilibrium between the family members, within the varying contexts of their home, working, and education environments. The extent of provision for the children’s disabilities while they are at home needs to be looked into, and the fact that the children are having negative experiences at school is something that also needs to be investigated further. These experiences could be related to independent stressors such as emotional changes in the individual children, or a change in their school environment and/or they could be directly associated to the stress being felt by Ms Kaur in their domestic environment. As suggested by Glidden, (1993, p.482), â€Å"†¦a family with a child who has a disability is a family with a disability. Glidden adds that in assessing the problems faced by such families, it is important to understand and distinguish between demands and stress exacerbating and causing situations (Glidden, 1993). The situation faced by Amita and her family entails a situation that has been building slowly, but steadily, over a period of time, and now represents a point that is beyo nd her control in terms of mental, financial, and time control. The long-term stress and demands of her situation, along with increased personal care have prompted the situation whereby her doctor has intervened with the Children’s Directorate Children with Disability Team. Gallimore et al (1999, p. 57) refer to this sort of situation as arising from â€Å"†¦the emotional costs of daily demands and strains†, and that the need for a sustainable daily routine that has manageable long term solutions for helping to reduce the sources of the problems is a paramount objective to the intervention of social services (Hansen, 1993). Throughout the assessment process we will do everything within our capabilities to reassure Ms Kaur that any intervention will be minimal and will aim to cause as little disruption to the family dynamic as possible. As research has suggested the influence of social support on families of children with disabilities is closely associated with: Better, more cohesive family adaptation (Bristol, 1983) A decrease in the number of out-of-home placements (Cole Meyer, 1989; Ger- man Maisto, 1982) greater maternal life satisfaction (Crnic, Greenberg, Ragozin, Robinson, Basham, 1983) Lowering of maternal stress levels (Kazak Mar- vin, 1984) Better parent-child interaction (Dunst, Trivette, Cross, 1986). (In Marcenko and Meyers (1991), p.186). It is thus our aim to offer a service of provision that will improve the family’s quality of life through measures which are constructive, supportive, and reliable. An efficient and prompt assessment process is essential as early intervention, can, in some cases, be crucial in avoiding the onset of more serious problems, which negatively affect parenting capacity and cause family life to ‘escalate into crisis or abuse.’ (D.O.H, 2000: p.xi). The government document â€Å"Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families† (Department of Health, 2000) has put forth a systematic guidance for the assessment of needs through analysis and recording of what has been and is happening in the household, as well as to the children. This document is written in close association with â€Å"The Children Act 1989†. The latter document states that: A child shall be taken to be in need if – a. he is unlikely to achieve or maintain or to have the opportunity of achieving or  maintaining, a reasonable standard of health or development without the  provision for him of services by a local authority †¦ b. his health or development is likely to be significantly impaired, or further  impaired, without the provision for him of such services; or c. he is disabled (Children Act 1989 s17(10). In DoH, 2000: 6) Considering that the family’s GP has already expressed concern about the children’s performance at school it is clear that the children’s needs meet the criteria as outlined in parts a-c of the Children’s Act 1989. Under that Act, the welfare of children is set forth under a series of requirements, regulations, and laws. Under Part V Protection of Children – practice guidance suggests that child assessment orders should allow for differing techniques to be employed to see to the needs of children based upon application by their family, the child, and or agencies. As Ms Kaur’s GP has expressed concerns for the children’s performance at school I think it appropriate that a joint assessment be undertaken by a staff member of the school and by a child support worker who together can make an informed and unbiased assessment of the children’s behaviour and performance at school. As highlighted by the DoH (2000:p.6) professionals from different agencies, especially from health and education, are ‘a key source of referral to social services departments of children who are, or may be, in need [..] they will be key in assisting social services departments to carry out their assessment functions under the Children Act 1989.’ Information from the school could be very helpful in the overall assessment and plan for service provision. I would also recommend that a leading professional who works full time with disabled children be called in to undertake an informal assessment of Gurnam. These reports should then be submitte d to the head of our department where they will be jointly discussed and used to inform our agency’s plan for services. Ms Gaur’s son Manjit, has been described by the family’s GP as ‘a cause for concern.’ The situation is described as follows: ‘He has a heart condition which has been successfully treated with surgery but which needs to be monitored on an out-patient basis. He has also been assessed as having some learning disabilities. While Amita is very satisfied with the educational programme that the school has been put in place for him, she is concerned that he has been bullied by other children for some considerable time. This has resulted in him being distressed and reluctant to go to school recently.’ The Special Education Needs and Disability Act (2001) suggests that it is the responsibility of the governing education institutional to make sure that the child is not placed at a disadvantage within the schooling system (Part 2). As Ms Akur is satisfied with the actual programme in place for Manjit there is no immediate cause for concern that he is experiencing discrimination. However, from the information given it appears that the physical problems which Manjit is experiencing is causing additional stress possibly arising from the negative attitudes of his peers towards him. Ms Kaur should be advised to approach the school about this problem, with an accompanying letter from her GP if necessary. As suggested by Sally Beveridge in her discussion concerning schools and special education needs, there will arise certain cases where a pupil will not be able to fully participate due to their having a restrictive impairment, and it is necessary that teachers know as much about children with SEN as possible before teaching them (Beveridge: 1999, 39). Therefore we would advise that the school make individual assessments of Manjit and of Gurnam possibly discussing the outcomes and proposals for action with us. The assessment plan will be agreed between all children and their mother. For the planning of children’s services it is necessary to recognise how problems can be interlinked, and that ‘everyone benefits if services are properly co-ordinated and integrated.’ (DoH, 2000:1). It is also the aim of Children’s Services Planning (Department of Health and Department for Education and Employment,1996. In DoH 2000: 1) to ‘identify the broad range and level of need in an area and to develop corporate, inter-agency, community based plans of action to provide the most effective network of services within the resources available.’ (Ibid). When assessing Ms Kaur and her family we must therefore consider the nature and availability of resources in their local area and how they can be best matched with the needs of the family. As outlined by the Doh (2000) service users sometimes report that they find assessment procedures to be ‘repetitive and uninformed by previous work.’ (p.7). However, having outlined a clear and co hesive framework for this assessment I am confident that Ms Kaur and her family will receive an efficient and constructive assessment by our team; one that will provide a fully comprehensive proposal for service provision that will suit their individual needs and their needs as a family. Bibliography Beveridge, S., 1999, Special Educational Needs in Schools. London: Routledge Department for Children, Schools and Families (2008) Common Assessment Framework. Retrieved on 11 February 2008 from http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/deliveringservices/caf/ Department of Health (2000) Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families. Stationary Office, Department of Health, London, United Kingdom [online]. Available from:  http://www.doh.gov.uk/quality.htm  [Accessed 17/07/08] Gallimore, R., Bernheimer, L., MacMilan, D., Speece, D., Vaughn, S. (1999) Developmental Perspectives on Children with High-Incidence Disabilities. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, N.J., United States Glidden, L. (1993) what we do not know about families with children who have developmental disabilities: Questionnaire on resources and stress as a case study. Vol. 97. American Journal on Mental Retardation Hansen, D. (1993) The child in family and school: Agency and the workings of time. In Cowan, P., Field, D., Hansen, D., Skolnick, A., Swanson, G. Family, self, and society: Toward a new agenda for family research. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, N.J., United States Hardcastle, D.A; Powers, P.R; and Wenocur, S, (2004). Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers. Oxford: Oxford University Press Lesar, S., ‘Parental Coping Strategies and Strengths in Families of Young Children with Disabilities.’ Family Relations, Vol. 47, No. 3, (Jul., 1998), pp. 263-268 National Council on Family Relations Office of Public Sector Information (2008) Children Act 1989. Retrieved on 11 February 2008  from http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890041_en_1.htm Marcenko, M.O, and Meyers, J.C, (1991), ‘Mothers of Children with Developmental Disabilities: Who Shares the Burden?’ Family Relations, Vol. 40, No. 2, (Apr., 1991), pp. 186-190. National Council on Family Relations Pardeck, J.T, (1999), Family Health: A Holistic Approach to Social Work Practice. Westport, CT: Auburn House Sheppard, M., (1991), Mental Health Work in the Community: Theory and Practice in Social Work and Community Psychiatric Nursing. London: Falmer Press Slack, K, and Webber, M, ‘Do we care? Adult mental health professionals’ attitudes towards supporting service users’ children.’ Child and Family Social Work . London: Blackwells (2007) 13, pp 72–79 Starfield B. Primary care: balancing health needs, services and technology. New  York: Oxford University Press; 1998. Special Education Needs and Disability Act (2001). Available from:  http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/acts2001/ukpga_20010010_en_3  [Accessed 16/07/08] Umbarger, G., Stowe, M., Turnbull III, H. (2005) The Core Concepts of Health Policy Affecting Families Who Have Children with Disabilities. Vol. 15. Journal of Disability Studies

Greek Gods :: essays research papers

The Greek Gods Many people would blatantly state that the importance of the gods in Greek society derives from the fact that Gods in any society are usually used to explain phenomenon that people cannot logically comprehend, but in ancient Greece gods were actually entities that took part in the workings of society itself. Even simple aspects of day-to-day life such as sex and disputes between mortals were supposedly influenced by godly workings. Unlike modern religions such as Catholicism, Buddhism, and Hinduism, where an omnipotent force supposedly controls the workings of the world, a hierarchy of Gods characterized religion in ancient Greece. Working as one big family, which they actually were, each one of the Greek gods governed a certain aspect of the world in a way that usually reflected their own humanlike personalities. These unique personalities also contained many human flaws such as envy and greed, and were where the Greek God’s importance lay. Greek religion was more concentrated on the way an individual dealt with situations that popped up in the world around him than on understanding the world itself. In other words the Greeks were more interested in the workings of the mind than in the workings of the environment around them. This was so because unlike us, the Greeks believed that they already had explanations for trivial questions such as, “Where the world came from?'; “Who are we?'; and “Who controls the world around us?'; To them all these questions could simply be explained by looking at their own mythology. It is hard for us to really understand how deeply these beliefs were rooted into their personalities, to the Greeks if some natural phenomenon occurred it occurred because one of their gods had decided to make it occur, it was just as simple as that. The existence of the God’s to the Greeks was something just as simple as that the fact that the sky is blue is simple to us. The strength of these preconceived ideas can be seen in Strepsiades’s words while he argues with Socrates in Aristophanes’s The Clouds: STREPSIADES: “What on earth - ! You mean you don’t believe in Zeus?'; SOCRATES: “Zeus? Who’s Zeus?'; STREPSIADES: “Zeus who lives on Olympus, of course.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  SOCRATES: “Now really, you should know better. There is no Zeus.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  STREPSIADES: “What? Well, who sends the rain, then? Answer me that.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In General the Greeks respected and feared their gods because they understood that they were superior creatures, but they usually felt differently about different gods depending on that God’s personality and the myths that surrounded his existence.

JAPANESE AND GERMAN WARFARE :: essays research papers

JAPANESE AND GERMAN WARFARE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Germans and Japanese were working on taking over the World in the Second World War and had it not been for the intervention of the allied nations, they very well could have picked off the nations one-by-one until a worldwide settlement was established. The Americans would not have entered the war if Germany would have stayed within it’s own compounds. The Nazi party possibly could have survived, although the German citizens would have eventually tired of Hitler’s ideas. The problem was the extermination of citizens and taking over of other national territory. The Japanese could have possibly had a few properties in the Pacific without the United States’ intervention had they not bombed Pearl Harbor. The problem with both of these countries was that they were practicing a total takeover of the world, which has lead to post-World War II doctrine that no nation will force the takeover of another nation. Prior to the 1900s, the rest of the wor ld probably would not have taken a second look at the Iraqi takeover of Kuwait, but it is seen now that this policy will lead to further actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Germans sought to gain back some recognition that was lost in the First World War, and the Nazi party promised that status. Many good things have come out of Germany, like the satellite technology that spawned the Corona Projects and eventually moved the United States ahead in the â€Å"Space Race†. But the Total Warfare policy is what forced the allied intervention and also the reason why the United Nations moves to oversee and limit warfare today. The method of the total extinction of all opposition can not be tolerated, and although Clausewitz taught us this method of war, it must be limited because if practiced to the end, there will be no opposition for a political agreement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Imperial Japanese were a country behind the times. The allied global forces that are now in control will not allow for another â€Å"Alexander the Great† or â€Å"Julius Ceaser†. The world now has grown into one organization, well almost one. The frontiers of the mankind are no longer the sea, the other side of his known land, or even the skies for that matter; and most of the world, at least most of the free-trade world, finds it of great economic value to avoid war.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Advantages Essay -- Cars Energy HEV

Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Their Advantages 'The HEV [Hybrid Electric Vehicle] concept goes back to 1905. On November 23 of that year, American engineer H. Piper filed for a patent on a hybrid vehicle. Piper's design called for an electric motor to augment a gasoline engine'(1, pg 2) and thus, the HEV was born. Hybrid Electric Vehicles, otherwise known as HEVs are vehicles that 'combine the internal combustion engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle'(2). In this day and age car manufactures are trying to out-compete one another in terms of car features and sales. Technology has come a long way since 1905 but the principle is still the same: to produce hybrid vehicles that not only can compete with standard vehicles in terms of price and available features, but that also offer better mileage and less pollution. One may understand why hybrid vehicles are a good choice, but one may not understand why more auto manufacturers have turned to hybrids instead of electric vehicles. 'HEVs do not share an electric vehicle's main drawback: limited range between chargings. The few thousand electric vehicles on the roads in the U.S' can travel only about 80 miles before their batteries need recharging, which can take anywhere from three to eight hours'(1, pg1). For those who do not wish to be constrained by having to charge up batteries and worry about mileage, HEVs are the next logical choice. There are two different types of hybrid vehicles: parallel and designated series. The following is a good description of each : ?In a series hybrid, the internal combustion engine drives a generator that charges the batteries, whic... ...ent as well. Hybrid vehicles emit significantly less pollutants than do standard cars and trucks and their fuel efficiency is also a positive aspect that can attract consumers who are interested in saving money. As technology advances and hybrid technologies becomes more efficient it seems that the HEV ?could be- - and in fact should be - - the car of the near future?(1). Sources: 1) Online version of Scientific American article, by Wouk, Victor. October 1997. Hybrid Electric Vehicles: http://www.sciam.com/1097issue/1097wouk.html 2) http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/what.html 3) http://www.honda2001.com/models/2001/environment.html 4) http://prius.toyota.com/technology/hybrid.html 5) http://prius.toyota.com/green/index.html 6) http://www.epa.gov/autoemissions/ 7) http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/concept.html

A Worn Path is a touching story of will power

The relevant story of love and perseverance transcends a deeper message relating to the welfare of Negro (after the Civil War). Rather than using direct criticism, the writer reveals the indifference by employing symbolism in a story of faith.The character name Phoenix Jackson, echoes not only â€Å"death and rebirth† by the first name, but also a historical figure of popular democracy in 1830s—Andrew Jackson. Readers will be confronted with questions: â€Å"Who is this old, nearly blind Negro? Will the writer reveal a great past? Will she die in the end in a pitiful manner?Why is she engaging herself in a tedious travel?   As the story goes, and as the answers are revealed, rationalizations that may persuade readers that â€Å"racism is bad†, seem to be sugar-coated. The plot mainly illustrates a grandmother’s love towards her grandson, which is a universal feeling, whatever race you belong. This observation is parallel to what critics say of Weltyâ₠¬â„¢s style.John R. Cooley says that it â€Å"fails to develop her racial portraits with sufficient sensitivity or depth,† (EuWN 11-13)   and Nancy K. Butterworth adds that such â€Å"polemical demythologizings conflict with Welty's persistent refusal to use fiction as a platform, particularly for political or sociological issues, as well as her downplaying and even disavowal of racial implications in her stories.† Nevertheless, the story may at least give the impression that Negroes are human beings with the same aspiration of a better society for the future generation.The story exemplified the unaddressed needs of Negroes after the Civil War. Old Phoenix who lives in Old Natchez Trace of Mississippi, where neglect, not to mention discrimination is still lingering even after slavery was put to an end. Southern whites during that time adopt â€Å"Black Codes†, which regulate the rights of the newly-freedmen. The code situates Blacks with a subordinate position in the society.The character Phoenix, though seemingly harmless because of old age, is not spared form these treatment of neglect and inferiority. Christian symbolism is also apparent in the narrative. For example, the fact that the story is set during the Christmas season has led some critics to associate Phoenix's journey with that of a religious pilgrimage. (Gale Research,1998).The untied shoelace at the beginning, which is later tied by a perfumed lady carrying gift boxes, symbolizes how little the well-to-do help the Negroes, but how that little help soothes the situation.This further show that Negroes know that what is given and what they will continually ask for is a deserved one, â€Å"Thank you missy, I doesn’t mind asking†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Welty 147). The author also illustrates how discrimination is not totally intentional, but that it is deeply rooted in the culture.The woods represent the life Negroes are facing. The author inspires the readers through Phoenix, th at though she seems inapt, she pursues her goal. She relies on her knowledge about the terrain. This provides the irony that the former slaves, who knew better than their white masters about the work and the place, do not get their proper due. Phoenix, even if almost blind, know the place so well, she could â€Å"own† it.As she walks slowly, she warns the animals, â€Å"Keep out from under these feet†¦ I got a long way† (142). The marble cake in a plate represents how the offer of Southern consolidation is just ‘a piece of cake’, when she replies, â€Å"that would be acceptable†. But then it appears be a rhetorical offer, â€Å"when she went to take it there was just her own hand in the air† (143). Indeed, the struggle to achieve human rights took a long while; discrimination persists even after the millennium.The encounter with the white hunter shows an unfruitful play with the young man, â€Å"I know you old colored people! Wouldnâ₠¬â„¢t miss going to town to see Santa Claus† (144). It also shows how Phoenix used the hunter’s boastfulness â€Å"Watch me get rid of that cur† (146), to get what she wants—the nickel. This is a representation of how Whites try to frighten the Blacks away from their struggles, â€Å"and then he laughed and lifted his gun and pointed it at Phoenix.† (146)When Phoenix finally arrived at he doctor’s place, she stood watching â€Å"the document that had been stamped with the gold seal and framed in the gold frame, which matched the dream that was hung up in her head†(147). Later she directly clears the Negroes anticipation to avail other rights as good education, â€Å"I never did go to school, I was too old at the Surrender.† (148.)Then, Welty reminds the reader that no matter how the trip took so long, the Negroes must not forget the reason of their struggle. Phoenix’ grandson will â€Å"hold his mouth open like a little bird,†(148) meaning that she will teach him to be a strong â€Å"Phoenix†.He will benefit from all the hardships, â€Å"I remember so plain now. I not going to forget him again, no, the whole enduring time. I could tell him from all the others in creation (148). She then sets off to buy him a paper windmill, â€Å"He going to find it hard to believe there is such a thing in the world† (149). The windmill seems to be a symbolism of the travel Don Quixote.Most Welty’s stories are placed in small communities of her native state, Mississippi, and carry the intimacy and intensity of narrow-range observation.Marian Hauser further observes that many of her stories â€Å"are dark, weird and often unspeakably sad in mood, yet there is no trace of personal frustration in them, neither harshness nor sentimental resignation; but an alert, constant awareness of life as a whole, and that profound, intuitive understanding of life which enables the artist to accept itâ € (6).. In portraying the old Negro woman who travels miles to bring a Christmas toy to her sick grandchild, Eudora Welty writes with warmth that holds no searing quality. (Feld 11-12). Of all her stories, A Worn Path comes closest to holding warmth and kindness. It is considered to be one of Welty's most frequently studied works of short fiction.WORK CITED:Gale Research. â€Å"A Worn Path by Welty, Eudora.† 835 Penobscot Building Detroit. 1998.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .Lewis, Thomas. â€Å"Textual Variants in `A Worn Path'†. Eudora Welty Newsletter (EuNW).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vol. 16 Winter 1992:11-13.Marianne Hauser. â€Å"‘A Curtain of Green’ and Other New Works of Fiction.† New York Times Book Review, November 16, 1941, p.  6. Welty, Eudora. The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty. New York: Harcourt, 1980.Rose Feld. New Yor k Herald Tribune Books, November 16, 1941, pp.  10, 12.

Addiction as A Lifestyle

For several decades, health issues have increased by more than 8.5% each year. According to a recent study conducted by the center for Disease Control and Prevention, 65% of US adults are either overweight or obese. The rate of diabetes are increasing in the United States, with a 27 percent increase seen in the last five years. The high cost of health care also poses a major threat to the nation's economy. However, health problems can be prevented to a large extent by controlling people's lifestyle. Group discussions and conversations may help people to adopt a healthy way of living. Therefore, Cybernetics which is the study of conversation/communication and control/regulation can be used to help solve this problems. This study aims at using cybernetics as a model for controlling health problems.AddictionIn developed countries of the world like USA, where the literacy rate is above 95%, people know that leading a healthy lifestyle removes the risk of chronic health issues to a considerable margin. However they most times do not adopt a healthy way of living.   Why? Addiction has ruined the healthy life style of people. For example- people may be addicted to sleeping and do not exercise, addicted to eating foods with high calories that causes them obesity and make them prone to heart problems. Addiction is a condition in which a consistent desire/craving to repeat an addicted behavior exceeds the ability to rationally stop doing so. When the more you have, the more you seem to need to achieve the same effect or result. This effect can be displayed as a positive feedback loop where the want continues expanding within the loop.Some background about feedback loops – Feedback loops are of two forms: negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop. Negative feedback loops strives towards balance and stasis by subtracting error with each cycle. A good example of negative feedback loop is homeostasis, the body's system for keeping itself chemically and temperature balanced. Positive feedback loops, by comparison, add the variations of each cycle. As a result they can become potentially dangerous as their effect mount with each event. Hypothermia, shock, heatstroke are examples of positive feedback.Figure-1 models addiction (nicotine addiction) as a positive feedback. The desire for smoking continues to increase in the loop for achieving the same level of satisfaction. The first day, Bob needs to smoke once and get satisfied. The second day, he needs to smoke twice to get the same level of satisfaction. Gradually, his cravings and urge to smoke increases along with the frequency.Controlling the Uncontrollable(addiction)The graph above (Figure-1) indicates how the addiction continue to expand in a positive feedback loop. Also, Bateson's examination of alcohol addiction contended that the very attempt to regain discretion, to be a â€Å"commander of one's own spirit†, added to the heightening of the alcoholism. Moreover, the Twelve Step Program of Alcoholics Anonymous-which has been effectively adjusted to a huge number of addictive practices, offers recuperation by â€Å"surrendering† that is, by stopping to deliberately try to stop the addiction. Subsequently, the person who is addicted does not have an essential variety to control addiction. At the point when Addiction becomes uncontrollable, how can it be controlled? Ludwig's research on Alcoholics mind demonstrates that â€Å"developing the right mind frame† (sufficient inspiration) for sobriety improves the probability that an individual can figure out how to resist his addiction .Sufficient inspiration or adequate motivation can solve the puzzle of addiction as an uncontrollable event. The diagram beneath demonstrates the cybernetic approach to deal with controlling health issues by inspiring individuals to follow a sound way of life (work out, yoga, healthy food and so on.), that is abstaining from an unhealthy way of life. Reward/Incentive SystemPeople have various needs including monetary needs, physiological needs, safety needs and esteem needs. An individual can be motivated for performing an activity using proper incentives which may help in fulfilling some of his needs. A reward system could be a web application like Weight Watchers or an organization such as a health club. Below is a model of an incentive system used in motivating a person to exercise regularly. The model also shows that the system can keep refining or modifying the incentive system to make sure that the user is always motivated.Group Affiliation/FriendsGroups, friends and circle of relatives assist in controlling addictions and regulating the manner people live. People develop trust, care and similarity in a group that offer intellectual strength for controlling their cravings. It has additionally been proved that the group association programs offer long- term remedy for addiction in comparison to short-term remedy provided through medication therapy. Self-assist programs like Alcoholics anonymous, rational healing or women for Sobriety, assist in gaining control over addiction through assisting the affected person to integrate into a self-assist group. TrustTrust is a system-related concept and that is a constantly evolving state of information acquisition, processing and feedback. Figure-4 demonstrates the system model of trust between two actors (trustor and trustee). The trustor continually accesses the behavior of the trustee against his mental model of trustworthiness, which results in increased trust if the behavior matches with his mental model otherwise decreased trust. Trustworthiness relies on three variables which relate to perception about the person to be relied on: competence, integrity and benevolence. ‘Competence' is the perceived potential of the trustee, as measured through indicators which includes training or credentials, experience, and reliable past performance. ‘Integrity' is the degree to which the trustee is considered to perform with honesty, fairness, and consistency of actions and words. ‘Benevolence' concerns the extent to which the trustee demonstrates care and consideration for people he or she interacts directly or indirectly.In addition to the above-recognized antecedent variables, trust also relies on the ‘context' within which the trustor and trustee are embedded. It could affect the extent to which the trustee is rated on antecedent variables particularly competence. For instance, a person may be perceived as competent in one context but no longer in another. Furthermore, it is essential to differe ntiate between Interactions among unfamiliar others and ongoing interactions among familiar others for trust. In a social system, trust could be unidirectional or bi-directional. Also, trust may be commutative.After the developement of trust, the trustor (Alice) feels confident and becomes willing to take actions based on the suggestions, actions and decisions of the trustee (Bob) to an extent proportional to the trust level in the trustee. Now, when Bob says that he controlled his blood sugar level by following the recipes from the diabetic cook-book, Alice feels confident the same recipes in the diabetic cook-book works and she is now motivated to follow them too. It also gives her a social proof of the reliability of the recipes from the diabetic cook-book. Figure-6 is the conversation model of this trust and social proof scenario between Alice and Bob.CareCare is also a continously evolving state of information aquisition, processing and feedback.Similarity, trust, understanding and reciprocity make the important variables. It is also dependent on context and familiarity/relationship between individuals. Below is a figure which shows a model of care between Alice and Bob and how care helps them for abstinence. Bob's behavior is matched to Alice's mental model of a person she would like to care for. If there is a positive match,then the care for Bob increases otherwise it decreases. When there is a match, she cares about what Bob's expectations are from her. She feels a sense of responsibility/accountability for Bob's expectations because she does not want to disappoint him. Similarly, Bob also does a behavior assessment of Alice against a mental model of a person she would like to care for. Its also important to note that both may have different perceptions or mental models of the persons they may like to care for. Also, care may be unidirectional as well. Now when Bob makes a suggestion to Alice about losing weight, she feels responsible/ accountable for losing weight as she cares about Bob. Similarly, Bob feels responsible/accountable for not smoking when Alice asks him to quit smoking.

Past Paper Questions

Principles Of Accounts May/June 2007 SECTION 1 Answer ALL questions in this section. 1. (a) List THREE distinguishing features of a partnership concern. (3 marks) (b) Skerritt and Cymbal are in Partnership sharing profits and losses in the ratio of their capital balances. The following balances were left over in their books after the preparation of the Trading and Profit and Loss Account on September 30, 2006. Capital Accounts: Skerritt $30 000 Cymbal $40 000 Current Accounts: Skerritt $(300) Cymbal $1 500 Drawings Skerritt $12 000 Cymbal $5 000Motor Vehicle at cost $43 000 Buildings at cost $232 000 Debtors $23 300 Creditors $17 000 Stock at September 30, 2006 $18 000 Cash at bank $27 000 Additional information to be taken into consideration: (1) The net profit for the year ended September 30, 2006 is $250 000. (2) Each partner earns an annual salary of $60 000. (3) Interest on capital is to be paid at the rate of 5% per annum. (4) Interest on drawings is to be charged at the rate o f 10% per annum. Skerritt drew cash on October 31, 2005 and Cymbal drew cash on March 31, 2006. 5) Accumulated depreciation on Motor Vehicles to September 30, 2006 is $8 600.Required: (i) Prepare the Profit and Loss Appropriation Account for Skerritt and Cymbal for the year ended September 30, 2006. (6 marks) (ii) Prepare the Current Accounts of Skerritt and Cymbal on September 30, 2006. ( 5 marks) (iii) Prepare the Balance Sheet of Skerritt and Cymbal as at September 30, 2006, showing the working capital. (Do not show details of the current accounts in the Balance Sheet. Transfer only the closing balances from the partner's current accounts. ) (6 marks)

Confucianism in Korea Essay

Korea is located on the eastern tip of the Asian continent, in the small peninsula that faces the Pacific Ocean. This small country has lasted over four thousand years, withstanding its powerful neighbors and developed a unique culture of its own. One of its main unique features comes from the fact that it pursued Confucianism as its core ideology. Therefore, even though Confucianism started in China, the application of it can be traced also distinctly in Korea. The Dynasty of Joseon brought the principals of Confucianism, and indigenized it to fit its existing values. However, today Confucianism is not taught anymore, and the values of Confucianism are considered old and out of style. It has become of an old ideology that does not fit in with the values that the modern Koreans have today. Moreover, the development of Confucianism was the major constraint that limited Korea to grow and prosper in the Early Modern and Modern period. and gender equality. The ancient Chinese Warring States Era was one of the most chaotic periods in the history of China. It was the time when people of all classes were desperate for stability and peace. Because of this instability, they established something called the Hundred Schools, which were philosophers who came up with many ideas to unite the people from the time of confusion to a desirable human lifestyle and peaceful, stable state. These Sages, who were given â€Å"Zi† at the end of their names, went around the kingdoms, explaining to the ruler what they thought the best solution was for uniting China. The most prominent ideas were usually any of the three sects, Daoist, Confucianist or Legalist. Daoism was based on the ideas of Laozi and Zhuangzi, Confucianism on those of Confucius (Kongzi) and Mencius (Mengzi), and Legalism on those of Han Feizi. Confucianism was not adopted in Confucius’ life time. It developed later, during the Song Dynasty and was further advanced to Neo-Confucianism by Zhu Xi. Unlike the Chinese dynasties that fully committed their state ideology to Confucianism, the Koreans in the corresponding period, from 60BCE to 900CE, used Confucianism as part of their source of moral training and their social mandate for their officials. This period was called the Three Kingdom Period (GoGooRyeo, Shilla, and BaekJae). The educational form of Confucianism for princes and ruling class continued through the Goryeo Dynasty (900 CE-1300CE) for about four hundred years and finally became the national religion of Joseon Dynasty (1392CE-1910CE). The reason why Joseon chose Confucianism instead of Buddhism was that the elites that founded Joseon thought that Buddhism was the reason for the corruption and lack of morals between the nobles and the ruling class. The Joseon leaders sought Confucianism as a solution to their problems, and were attracted to Confucianism-oriented concepts that could complement the politics of the ideal state. The situation much resembled the period in 5th century BCE when Confucius and Mencius came up with their idea of ideal and peaceful world under the tyrant king and constant wars.

Health and Medical Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health and Medical Technologies - Essay Example Radiographs play an important role by helping dentist detect dental problems that would otherwise be undetectable. Digital radiography is a major technological breakthrough as it plays a major role in ensuring quality dental care delivery. However, this technological advancement comes at a cost that society must bear. Additionally, more costs develop through need of skilled personnel, staff training, demand for utilization of the technology, and facility upgrade programs. Nevertheless, the benefits of digital radiography overshadow the costs of the technology (Shi & Singh, 2012). The implementation of a digital radiography technology is likely to increase satisfaction and improve physical comfort for patients. On the other hand, the dental team will be able to dedicate more efforts to services that utilize their skills, which will in turn raise morale and improve job performance. Additionally, installation of digital radiography will positively affect the cash flow of a health facility. Incorporating digital radiography not only leads to better dental care but also cuts the expenses of a healthcare facility (Shi & Singh,

The effect of social media on Arab spring Research Proposal

The effect of social media on Arab spring - Research Proposal Example Social media diffuse social, economic, political, and cultural barriers within the society (Qualman 8). The speedy propagation and adoption of technology has fueled the use of social media as a tool for activism. The Arab Spring in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Syria, and Yemen demonstrate this potential. During the Arab Spring, social media played a critical role in spreading information and unifying the protesters. Social media can be defined as online media content created and shared by individuals on the cyberspace using freely and easily accessible websites. The websites employ interfaces that enable people to generate and post images, videos, as well as chat and text information. The created information can be shared with a select group of friends or the entire public domain. Social media incorporate blogs, wikis, forums, content communities, micro blogs, social networking sites, and podcasts. Social media detail characteristics such as participation, whereby individuals make contributions and receive feedback from the target groups. Similarly, it also incorporates openness, whereby social media encourage participation and feedback from all through voting, commenting, and sharing of information. Thirdly, it involves conversation, whereby social media is two-way contrasting broadcast oriented traditional media. The community aspect arises from allowing people to mutually share universal interests such as art and politics. Lastly, social media enhance connectedness by linking people, sites, locations, and resources. To a large extent, social media enhance democratization of information; transforming users from content readers to content publishers (Al-Deen & Hendricks 205). Social media effects can be classified into behavioural, attitudinal, cognitive, and emotional. Social media play a key role in the learning and social